CS: Blood

Question 1

3 General Functions of the Cardiovascular System

Answer 1

Transportation- Blood flows to transport cells, molecules, and ions throughout the body
Regulation- Regulate body temperature, body pH, and fluid balance
Protection- Immunity and clotting

Question 2

Characteristics of Whole Blood

Answer 2

• 4-6 liters in the body
• 5x thicker than water, caused by % of RBC’s
• 2degrees warmer that body temp
• ph between 7.35 and 7.45

Question 3

Plasma (inorganic substances)

Answer 3

Electrolytes
Respiratory Gasses
Nitrogenous wastes (urea and uric acid)

Question 4

Plasma (organic substances)

Answer 4

Nutrients- glucose, amino acids, lipids
Plasma proteins

Question 5

Albumins (plasma)

Answer 5

Exerts osmotic pressure to keep fluids in. Transports ions, hormones, and some lipids. Prevents dehydration

Question 6

Alpha- and Beta-globulins

Answer 6

Transport ions, metals, hormones, and some lipids. THese are proteins.

Question 7

Gamma-globulins

Answer 7

Immunoglobulins, antibodies for defense.

Question 8

Fibrinogen

Answer 8

Clotting protein creates fibrin that prevents massive bleeding.

Question 9

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)

Answer 9

Have cytoplasmic granules

Question 10

Neutrophils

Answer 10

-multi-lobed
-engulf viruses that don’t belong in the body (phagocytosis)

Question 11

Eosinophils

Answer 11

• red-pink granules
• bi-lobed nucleus
• phagocytic to small allergens and kill parasites

Question 12

Basophils

Answer 12

• deep blue-violet granules
• lobed nucleus
• release heparin and histamine (blood thinners and cause inflammation)

Question 13

Agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes)

Answer 13

no cytoplasmic granules

Question 14

Monocytes

Answer 14

• largest wbc
• dark staining kidney shaped nuclei
• develop into macrophages and phagocytose foreign bodies and particles

Question 15

Lymphocytes

Answer 15

• smallest wbc
• round nucleus w thin layer of cytoplasm
• activate immune responses, attack pathogens, and secrete antibodies

Question 16

Erythrocyte Disorders (anemias)

Answer 16

Lower oxygen carrying capacity

Question 17

Hemolytic Anemia

Answer 17

immune attack on RBC’s

Question 18

Aplastic Anemia

Answer 18

exposure to harsh chemicals, typically seen in people receiving cancer therapies

Question 19

Thassalemia

Answer 19

fragile hemoglobin falls apart easily

Question 20

Sickle-cell Disease

Answer 20

hemoglobin is too stiff and get caught on other RBC’s, block capillaries

Question 21

Polycythemia

Answer 21

abnormal count or excessive amount of RBC’s
blood becomes too thick and obstructs blood flow

Question 22

Leukocytosis

Answer 22

having an excess amount of WBC’s

Question 23

Leukemia

Answer 23

elevated wbc’s because of cancer, cells should have stayed in bone marrow, take space away from rbc’s

Question 24

Thrombocyte Disorders

Question 25

Hemophilia

Answer 25

genetic condition, missing one or more clotting factors, more common in males, rely on donors with one or more clotting factors

Question 26

Embolism

Answer 26

dislodged clot

Question 27

Leiden mutation

Answer 27

inability to inactivate a clotting factor

Question 28

Hematopoiesis

Answer 28

production of formed elements

Question 29

Steps of Erythropoiesis

Answer 29

1) stimulus (hypoxia)
2) Kidneys detect hypoxia
3) kidneys secrete the hormone EPO
4) EPO stimulates bone marrow to perform erythropoiesis
5) new rbc’s are released into blood stream (blood oxygen normalizes)
6) kidneys detect levels normalizing and inhibit EPO release
7) macrophages in the liver and spleen take out damaged/dead RBC’s

Question 30

Hemostasis

Answer 30

stoppage of bleeding

Question 31

Steps of Hemostasis

Answer 31

1- vascular spasm ( to limit blood loss)
2- platelet plug formation
3- coagulation, the enzyme thrombin dissolves plasma protein fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads to create fibrin mesh
4- Blood vessel repair- injured epithelia and smooth muscle tissues undergo mitosis. The clot eventually retracts and the enzyme plasmin dissolves the clot via fibrinolysis.