CS: Blood Flashcards
3 General Functions of the Cardiovascular System
Transportation- Blood flows to transport cells, molecules, and ions throughout the body
Regulation- Regulate body temperature, body pH, and fluid balance
Protection- Immunity and clotting
Characteristics of Whole Blood
- 4-6 liters in the body
- 5x thicker than water, caused by % of RBC’s
- 2degrees warmer that body temp
- ph between 7.35 and 7.45
Plasma (inorganic substances)
Electrolytes
Respiratory Gasses
Nitrogenous wastes (urea and uric acid)
Plasma (organic substances)
Nutrients- glucose, amino acids, lipids
Plasma proteins
Albumins (plasma)
Exerts osmotic pressure to keep fluids in. Transports ions, hormones, and some lipids. Prevents dehydration
Alpha- and Beta-globulins
Transport ions, metals, hormones, and some lipids. THese are proteins.
Gamma-globulins
Immunoglobulins, antibodies for defense.
Fibrinogen
Clotting protein creates fibrin that prevents massive bleeding.
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
Have cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophils
-multi-lobed
-engulf viruses that don’t belong in the body (phagocytosis)
Eosinophils
- red-pink granules
- bi-lobed nucleus
- phagocytic to small allergens and kill parasites
Basophils
- deep blue-violet granules
- lobed nucleus
- release heparin and histamine (blood thinners and cause inflammation)
Agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes)
no cytoplasmic granules
Monocytes
- largest wbc
- dark staining kidney shaped nuclei
- develop into macrophages and phagocytose foreign bodies and particles
Lymphocytes
- smallest wbc
- round nucleus w thin layer of cytoplasm
- activate immune responses, attack pathogens, and secrete antibodies
Erythrocyte Disorders (anemias)
Lower oxygen carrying capacity
Hemolytic Anemia
immune attack on RBC’s
Aplastic Anemia
exposure to harsh chemicals, typically seen in people receiving cancer therapies
Thassalemia
fragile hemoglobin falls apart easily
Sickle-cell Disease
hemoglobin is too stiff and get caught on other RBC’s, block capillaries
Polycythemia
abnormal count or excessive amount of RBC’s
blood becomes too thick and obstructs blood flow
Leukocytosis
having an excess amount of WBC’s
Leukemia
elevated wbc’s because of cancer, cells should have stayed in bone marrow, take space away from rbc’s
Thrombocyte Disorders
Hemophilia
genetic condition, missing one or more clotting factors, more common in males, rely on donors with one or more clotting factors
Embolism
dislodged clot
Leiden mutation
inability to inactivate a clotting factor
Hematopoiesis
production of formed elements
Steps of Erythropoiesis
1) stimulus (hypoxia)
2) Kidneys detect hypoxia
3) kidneys secrete the hormone EPO
4) EPO stimulates bone marrow to perform erythropoiesis
5) new rbc’s are released into blood stream (blood oxygen normalizes)
6) kidneys detect levels normalizing and inhibit EPO release
7) macrophages in the liver and spleen take out damaged/dead RBC’s
Hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
Steps of Hemostasis
1- vascular spasm ( to limit blood loss)
2- platelet plug formation
3- coagulation, the enzyme thrombin dissolves plasma protein fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads to create fibrin mesh
4- Blood vessel repair- injured epithelia and smooth muscle tissues undergo mitosis. The clot eventually retracts and the enzyme plasmin dissolves the clot via fibrinolysis.
