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A&P II > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Scrotum

A

Tunica Albuginea, Dartos Muscle, and Cremaster Muscle

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2
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Thick, fibrous capsule of the testes

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3
Q

Dartos muscle

A

Superficial muscle that wrinkles scrotal skin to retain heat

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4
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

Deep muscle wrapped around the testes that raises testes towards the body
cavity

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5
Q

Testes: Primary Organ

A
  • Ovoid structures within the scrotal sac
  • Divided into lobules
  • Lobules contain seminiferous tubules
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6
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A
  • Tubule Lining:
  • Spermatogenic cells: Stem cells that mature into spermatozoans
  • Sertoli/ Support/ Sustentacular cells: Nurse cells that nourish and protect developing sperm cells
  • Outside tubules:
  • Leydig or Interstitial Cells secrete testosterone to stimulate spermatogenesis
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7
Q

Epididymides

A
  • Stores immature spermatozoans
  • Nourishes them
  • Promotes their maturation
    (“swimming school”)
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8
Q

Ductus (vas) Deferens

A
  • Upon anticipating ejaculation, the
    vas deferens performs intense
    peristalsis to deliver sperm from
    epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
  • Vasectomies prevent the exit of
    spermatozoans.
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9
Q

Urethra

A
  • Prostatic urethra: Travels through
    the prostate gland
  • Membranous/ Intermediate urethra:
    Travels through the body wall
  • Penile/ Spongy urethra: Travels
    through the penis
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10
Q

External Penile Anatomy

A
  • Function: Copulatory organ
  • Shaft: Contains 3 columns of erectile
    tissue
  • Glans penis: Distal end of penis containing about 1000 nerve endings
  • Prepuce: The foreskin. Protects the
    glans penis.
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11
Q

Internal Penile Anatomy

A
  • Composed of vascular spaces forming erectile tissue
  • Corpus cavernosa: Dorsal pair of erectile tissue that produces the erection.
  • Corpus spongiosum: Ventral
    column that keep the urethra open
    during the erection
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12
Q

Semen

A

Combination of spermatozoans mixed
with bulbourethral fluid, seminal fluid,
and prostatic fluid.

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13
Q

Cowper’s/ Bulbourethral Glands:

A

Secretes a clear, alkaline, mucus-like fluid in response to sexual stimulation (pre-
ejaculate)

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14
Q

Seminal Vesicles:

A
  • Slightly alkaline fluid
  • Contains fructose for energy source
  • Contains prostaglandins to stimulate female tract contraction
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15
Q

Prostate Gland:

A
  • Thin, milky, alkaline fluid
  • Enhances sperm motility
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16
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  • Define spermatogenesis: Formation of
    male haploid gametes (spermatozoans)
  • Age of onset: Puberty (12-13 years)
  • Requires the brain-testicular axis
17
Q

Male Hormonal Regulation

A
  • Hypothalamus secretes GnRH Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
  • Anterior pituitary is triggered to release LH & FSH (gonadotropins) Hormones that affect the gonads
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH) will: Stimulate Leydig cells/ Interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) will: Stimulate Sertoli cells/ Support cells to secrete ABP
  • Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) will: Bind testosterone to signal spermatogenesis
  • Negative Feedback Inhibition: Stops spermatogenesis
    o Adequate testosterone levels (we have enough)
    o Inhibin from Sertoli cells (prevents further gonadotropin release)
18
Q

Testosterone Activity

A
  • Prenatal development (for masculinization)
  • Male characteristics (low voice, thicker bones, muscle mass, thick facial/chest/back/arm/leg hair)
  • Sexual function (libido/ sex drive)
  • Anabolic steroid (for protein synthesis)
19
Q

Spermatogonia:

A

Diploid stem cells. Undergo mitosis.
One copy stays at the seminiferous tubule lining while the other is pushed forward to become the primary spermatocyte.

20
Q

Primary spermatocytes:

A

Diploid cells. Will undergo meiosis 1 to
turn into secondary spermatocytes.

21
Q

Secondary spermatocytes:

A

Haploid cells but with a duplicate copy of genetic material. Will undergo meiosis 2 to
turn into spermatids.

22
Q

Spermatids:

A

Haploid cells with a single copy of genetic material. Will undergo spermiogenesis
for morphology change.

23
Q

Spermiogenesis: Morphology Change

A
  • Nuclei become cone-shaped
  • Acrosome cap filled with digestive enzymes forms
  • Mitochondria form midpiece
  • Microtubules form flagella
  • Excess cytoplasm & organelles is shed
  • Spermatozoa: Haploid cells, initially non-motile, are released into the tubule lumen.
24
Q

Ovaries: Primary Organ

A
  • Cortex: Contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers
  • Medulla: Contain ovarian follicles (sacs containing oocytes)
25
Q

Uterine/ Fallopian Tubes

A
  • Uses peristalsis and ciliated cells
    to deliver ovulated oocytes to the
    uterus.
  • Site of fertilization.
26
Q

Uterus

A
  • Provides environment for fetal
    development
  • Perimetrium: Outer serosa, contains
    crucial blood vessels
  • Myometrium: Muscular layer that contracts to expel uterine contents
  • Endometrium: Inner mucosal layer
27
Q

Vagina

A
  • Female copulatory organ and birth canal
  • Stratified squamous epithelium: Multiple layers of cells to withstand friction
  • Multiple layers of fibroelastic & muscular tissues: to withstand stretch, especially during childbirth
28
Q

Vulva

A
  • Mons pubis: Anterior mound, covered with pubic hair
  • Labia majora: Thickened. external folds of skin to protect the vestibule
  • Labia minora: Internal folds of skin
29
Q

Vestibule

A
  • Clitoris: Contains corpus cavernosa (erectile tissue), glans has about 5000 nerve endings
  • Urethral opening: Conveys urine out the body
  • Bartholin’s/ Greater vestibular glands: Secretes mucus to lubricate the vestibule
  • Vaginal orifice: Vaginal opening
30
Q

Mammary Glands

A
  • Accessory organs that respond to
    fluctuating ovarian hormones.
  • During the postpartum period, respond to PRL and OT for lactation.
31
Q

Oogenesis & Folliculogenesis

A
  • Define oogenesis: Development of mature oocytes that will be ovulated
  • Define folliculogenesis: Development of mature follicles that secrete ovarian hormones
  • Age of onset: Prenatally
32
Q

Ovarian and Menstrual Cycles

A
  • Age of onset: Puberty (12-13 years)
  • Hormonal Cascade:
  • Hypothalamic hormones control the ovaries.
  • Ovarian hormones control the uterus & mammary glands.
  • Hypothalamus secretes: GnRH to signal gonadotropin release (LH & FSH)
  • Anterior pituitary is triggered to release LH & FSH (gonadotropins):
  • LH will: Stimulate estrogen secretion for follicle cells
  • FSH will: Stimulate follicles to mature and grow in size
33
Q
A

A&P II (11 decks)

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