CS: Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Pericardium

A

layered, protective membrane around the heart

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2
Q

Serous Pericardium Layers (3)

A

Parietal
Pericardial
Visceral

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3
Q

Parietal Layer

A

deep to fibrous pericardium

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4
Q

Pericardial Layer

A

filled w/. lubricating serous fluid

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5
Q

Visceral Layer

A

adheres to the heart wall aka epicardium

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6
Q

The Heart Wall (3 parts)

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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7
Q

Epicardium

A

AKA visceral pericardium, reduces friction

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8
Q

Myocardium

A

composed of cardiac muscle

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9
Q

Endocardium

A

lines the inside. of the heart chambers

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10
Q

Trabeculae Carneae

A

ventricular wall muscles

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11
Q

Papillary Muscles

A

nipple-shaped muscles that anchor chordae tendonae

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12
Q

Chordae Tendonae

A

tendinous cords that pull valves open

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13
Q

AV Valves (2)

A

Bicuspid and Tricuspid

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14
Q

What happens to AV valves when ventricles relax?

A

AV valves open and ventricles fill with blood

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15
Q

What happens to AV valves when ventricles contract?

A

AV valves close to prevent backflow

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16
Q

SL Valves (2)

A

Pulmonary and Aortic valves

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17
Q

When SL valves relax?

A

SL valve closes to prevent backflow

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18
Q

When SL valves contract?

A

SL valves open to eject blood out

19
Q

Coronary Circuit

A

From the chambers to the myocardium and back

20
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

deliver oxygenated blood from the aorta to the myocardium

21
Q

Coronary veins

A

drain oxygenated blood into the coronary sinus

22
Q

Coronary sinus

A

drains deoxygenated blood into the right atrium

23
Q

Autorhythmic Cells

A

-clusters of non-contractile cells that create basal/ resting HR
-generate their own action potentials
-THE source of stimuli for cardiac muscle cells

24
Q

Cardiac Output

A

volume of blood pumped out by ventricle in one minute

25
Factors that affect HR (2)
Chronotropic agents and Autonomic reflexes
26
Chronotropic agents
any factor that changes HR
27
Positive Chronotropic (4)
-EPE and NE -caffeine -nicotine -cocaine
28
Negative Chronotropic
-ACH -Beta blockers
29
Autonomic Reflexes
cardiac center in the brain that adjusts HR
30
SNS sympathetic nervous system
cardioacceleration
31
PNS
cardioinhibition
32
Stroke Volume
volume of blood ejected per heartbeat
33
Factors that affect SV
Preload: Venous return- how much blood fills the heart Frank-starling law- increased blood volume entering the heart/ increased myocardial stretch Inotropic Agents Afterload- the aorta and pulmonary trunks resistance to ventricular ejection
34
Positive Intropic (3)
-EPE and NE -digoxin -dopamine
35
Negative Intropic (3)
-beta-blockers -calcium channel blockers -elevated potassium/ hyperkalemia
36
Pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium, if severe, leads to cardiac tamponade
37
Patent Foramen Ovale
common congenital heart defect (birth defect) Foramen ovale failed to seal into fossa ovalis
38
Valvular Stenosis
valves become leaky and allow backflow
39
Valvular incompetence
valves become stiff or narrow
40
Cardiomyopathy
types of conditions that affect myocardium ultimately affects SV and CO
41
Myocardial Ischemia
oxygen deprived myocardium
42
Bradycardia
slow HR < 60 BPM
43
Tachycardia
rapid HR > 100 BPM
44
Ventricular Fibrillation
loss of myocardial coordination ventricle fail to pump blood