CS: Heart

Question 1

Pericardium

Answer 1

layered, protective membrane around the heart

Question 2

Serous Pericardium Layers (3)

Answer 2

Parietal
Pericardial
Visceral

Question 3

Parietal Layer

Answer 3

deep to fibrous pericardium

Question 4

Pericardial Layer

Answer 4

filled w/. lubricating serous fluid

Question 5

Visceral Layer

Answer 5

adheres to the heart wall aka epicardium

Question 6

The Heart Wall (3 parts)

Answer 6

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

Question 7

Epicardium

Answer 7

AKA visceral pericardium, reduces friction

Question 8

Myocardium

Answer 8

composed of cardiac muscle

Question 9

Endocardium

Answer 9

lines the inside. of the heart chambers

Question 10

Trabeculae Carneae

Answer 10

ventricular wall muscles

Question 11

Papillary Muscles

Answer 11

nipple-shaped muscles that anchor chordae tendonae

Question 12

Chordae Tendonae

Answer 12

tendinous cords that pull valves open

Question 13

AV Valves (2)

Answer 13

Bicuspid and Tricuspid

Question 14

What happens to AV valves when ventricles relax?

Answer 14

AV valves open and ventricles fill with blood

Question 15

What happens to AV valves when ventricles contract?

Answer 15

AV valves close to prevent backflow

Question 16

SL Valves (2)

Answer 16

Pulmonary and Aortic valves

Question 17

When SL valves relax?

Answer 17

SL valve closes to prevent backflow

Question 18

When SL valves contract?

Answer 18

SL valves open to eject blood out

Question 19

Coronary Circuit

Answer 19

From the chambers to the myocardium and back

Question 20

Coronary Arteries

Answer 20

deliver oxygenated blood from the aorta to the myocardium

Question 21

Coronary veins

Answer 21

drain oxygenated blood into the coronary sinus

Question 22

Coronary sinus

Answer 22

drains deoxygenated blood into the right atrium

Question 23

Autorhythmic Cells

Answer 23

-clusters of non-contractile cells that create basal/ resting HR
-generate their own action potentials
-THE source of stimuli for cardiac muscle cells

Question 24

Cardiac Output

Answer 24

volume of blood pumped out by ventricle in one minute

Question 25

Factors that affect HR (2)

Answer 25

Chronotropic agents and Autonomic reflexes

Question 26

Chronotropic agents

Answer 26

any factor that changes HR

Question 27

Positive Chronotropic (4)

Answer 27

-EPE and NE
-caffeine
-nicotine
-cocaine

Question 28

Negative Chronotropic

Answer 28

-ACH
-Beta blockers

Question 29

Autonomic Reflexes

Answer 29

cardiac center in the brain that adjusts HR

Question 30

SNS sympathetic nervous system

Answer 30

cardioacceleration

Question 31

PNS

Answer 31

cardioinhibition

Question 32

Stroke Volume

Answer 32

volume of blood ejected per heartbeat

Question 33

Factors that affect SV

Answer 33

Preload:

Venous return- how much blood fills the heart
Frank-starling law- increased blood volume entering the heart/ increased myocardial stretch

Inotropic Agents

Afterload- the aorta and pulmonary trunks resistance to ventricular ejection

Question 34

Positive Intropic (3)

Answer 34

-EPE and NE
-digoxin
-dopamine

Question 35

Negative Intropic (3)

Answer 35

-beta-blockers
-calcium channel blockers
-elevated potassium/ hyperkalemia

Question 36

Pericarditis

Answer 36

inflammation of the pericardium, if severe, leads to cardiac tamponade

Question 37

Patent Foramen Ovale

Answer 37

common congenital heart defect (birth defect)

Foramen ovale failed to seal into fossa ovalis

Question 38

Valvular Stenosis

Answer 38

valves become leaky and allow backflow

Question 39

Valvular incompetence

Answer 39

valves become stiff or narrow

Question 40

Cardiomyopathy

Answer 40

types of conditions that affect myocardium

ultimately affects SV and CO

Question 41

Myocardial Ischemia

Answer 41

oxygen deprived myocardium

Question 42

Bradycardia

Answer 42

slow HR < 60 BPM

Question 43

Tachycardia

Answer 43

rapid HR > 100 BPM

Question 44

Ventricular Fibrillation

Answer 44

loss of myocardial coordination

ventricle fail to pump blood