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A&P II > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Mesentery

A

Peritoneal layers that support most of the abdominal organs (keeps them in place).

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2
Q

Omentum

A

Multi-layered folds of the peritoneum
that drapes over intestines like an
apron. Used for adipose deposits
(for insulation)

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3
Q

Peristalsis

A

Bands of smooth muscle contract alternatingly to propel substances through

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4
Q

Deglutition

A

To swallow (delivering the bolus from the pharynx to the stomach)

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5
Q

Oral Cavity: Gross Anatomy

A
  • Includes teeth (dentition),
    tongue, and salivary glands
  • Receives and mechanically
    digests food through mastication, performs some chemical digestion through saliva (creating bolus)
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6
Q

Oral Cavity: Microscopic Anatomy

A
  • Stratified squamous, non-keratinized lined mucosa
  • Skeletal muscle muscularis
  • Digestive Process:

oSalivary amylase breaks down polysaccharides (carbohydrates) into
disaccharides

oLingual lipase initiates triglyceride breakdown into glycerol & fatty
acids

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7
Q

Pharynx

A
  • Passageway for food, fluids & air
  • Stratified squamous, non-keratinized lined mucosa
  • Muscularis layer contains pharyngeal constrictors for deglutition (swallowing)
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8
Q

Esophagus

A
  • Straight, collapsible tube. Passageway for food & fluids.
  • Mucosa transitions from non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar
  • Muscularis layer transitions from skeletal to smooth muscle
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9
Q

Stomach: Gross Anatomy

A
  • J-shaped pouch that receives bolus and
    mixes it with gastric juice in response to
    the hormone gastrin.
  • Contains impermanent gastric folds called rugae for distention (stretch)
  • Gastroesophageal and pyloric sphincters
    are its gatekeepers/ valves
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10
Q

Stomach: Functions

A
  • Initiates protein digestion
  • Carries on limited absorption (very small amounts of water & some small molecules)
  • Produces chyme
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11
Q

Stomach: Microscopic Anatomy

A
  • Simple squamous mucosa with goblet cells (mucus prevents ulceration)
  • Contains gastric pits that lead to gastric glands
  • Muscularis has 3 layers (oblique, circular, and longitudinal)
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12
Q

Parietal Cells:

A

Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (for vitamin B12 absorption)

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13
Q

Chief Cells:

A

Secrete inactive pepsinogen (enzyme). When pepsinogen contacts HCl, it is
activated and becomes pepsin.
Pepsin breaks polypeptides (proteins) down into smaller peptide fragments

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14
Q

Enteroendocrine cells:

A

Releases hormones such as gastrin to
regulate stomach secretions & motility

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15
Q

Duodenum

A
  • Initial C-shaped curvature of the small intestine
  • Receives acidic chyme and mixes it with bile and pancreatic juice to neutralize the chyme and continue chemical digestion
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16
Q

Pancreas: Gross Anatomy

A
  • Located retroperitoneally
  • Lies horizontally in the abdomen,
    emptying into the duodenum
  • Responds to the duodenal hormones cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin
17
Q

Pancreas: Microscopic Anatomy

A
  • Composed of simple cuboidal cells that form acini
  • Acini secrete pancreatic enzymes
18
Q

Pancreatic Amylase:

A

Breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides

19
Q

Pancreatic Lipase:

A

reaks down triglycerides into glycerol & fatty acids

20
Q

Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, and Carboxypeptidase:

A

Proteolytic enzymes, break down polypeptides into smaller peptides

21
Q

Nuclease:

A

Breaks nucleic acids into nucleotides

22
Q

Liver & Gallbladder

A
  • Liver is the largest internal organ in the body, composed of lobes that metabolize carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
  • The liver also stores glycogen, filters & detoxifies blood, and secretes bile.
  • Gallbladder is a small sac that concentrates and stores the bile that the liver produces.
  • Both respond to the duodenal hormone cholecystokinin (CCK).
23
Q

Liver & Gallbladder

A
  • Liver is composed of lobules containing hepatocytes and macrophages.
  • Bile salts emulsify fats and aid in the absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and
    certain vitamins
24
Q

Jejunum =

A

middle segment of small intestine

25
Q

Ileum =

A

final segment, leads chyme to the cecum (beginning of colon) via the ileocecal sphincter.

26
Q

Jejunum & Ileum: Gross Anatomy

A
  • Lined with permanent circular folds that maximizes digestion of chyme &
    nutrient absorption.
27
Q

Jejunum & Ileum: Microscopic
Anatomy

A
  • Mucosa has villi that are composed of simple columnar cells with microvilli (brush border), and goblet
    cells.
  • Intestine’s enteroendocrine cells secrete CCK and secretin.
  • Muscularis has 2 layers (circular and
    longitudinal layers)
28
Q

Peptidase:

A

Breaks peptides into amino acids

29
Q

Sucrase, Maltase, and Lactase:

A

Breaks disaccharides into monosaccharides

30
Q

Phosphatase:

A

Breaks nucleotides into nucleosides and
phosphates

31
Q

Nucleosidase:

A

Breaks nucleosides into nitrogenous
bases and ribose/ deoxyribose

32
Q

Large Intestine

A
  • Includes the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, & anal canal
  • Absorbs majority of water and electrolytes from chyme to form feces
  • Pockets of haustra are created by
    bands of teniae coli
  • The appendix projects from the cecum (part of MALT)
33
Q

Large Intestine: Microscopic Anatomy

A
  • Majority of the mucosa is composed of simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells. Anal canal mucosa requires stratified squamous epithelium.
  • Majority of the muscularis layer has 2 layers of smooth muscle (circular and longitudinal layers).
  • Anal canal has 2 anal sphincter layers:
    o Internal = smooth muscle
    o External = skeletal muscle
34
Q

Review: Hepatic Portal System

A
  • Splenic vein, inferior mesenteric vein, and superior mesenteric vein merge to form the hepatic portal vein
  • Blood enters the liver to be filtered by the hepatic portal system
  • Filtered blood is sent through hepatic veins that return blood to the IVC
  • Special Features:
  • Liver lobules contain central veins with hepatocytes radiating from them
  • Phagocytic macrophages reside in the live
35
Q

GERD

A

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, requires PPIs (proton pump inhibitors to raise stomach pH), antacids, and dietary modifications

36
Q

Emesis

A
  • Vomiting
37
Q

Impaction

A

Severe obstruction of bowels (hardened, rock-like stools)

38
Q
A

A&P II (11 decks)

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