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Medical AS Level 🎀 > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

primary function of the respiration system

A

provides oxygen for metabolism in the tissues
removes CO2

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2
Q

secondary functions of the respiration system

A

produces speech
facilitates sense of smell
maintains acide base balance
maintains body water level
maintains heat balance

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3
Q

whats the function of the pleural membranes

A

cushions the lung
reduce any friction that may develop between between lung / rib cage

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4
Q

structure of pleural membranes

A

2 layered membrane that covers each lung
layers seperated by small amount of thick lubricant = pleural fluid

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5
Q

what medical conditions can affect the pleural membranes

A

collapsed lung, cancer

excess fluid can collect - would need to be drained

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6
Q

2 categories of pleural membranes

A

visceral pleura
parietal pleura

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7
Q

what type of membrane is the visceral pleura

A

internal membrane

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8
Q

what type of membrane is the parietal pleura

A

external membrane

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9
Q

what is the visceral pleura

A

thin, slippery membrane which covers surface of the lungs and dips into the areas seperating the different lobes of the lungs

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10
Q

what is the parietal pleura

A

lines the inner chest wall and diaphragm

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11
Q

where do the visceral + parietal pleura join?

A

helium

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12
Q

visceral + parietal pleura is the point of entry for ___

A

bronchus, blood vessels, nerves

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13
Q

from what is pleural fluid secreted from?

A

mesothelial cells

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14
Q

what is the function of the pleural fluid?

A

allows the layes to glide over each other as lungs inflate + deflate during respiration

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15
Q

what is the benefit of the structure of the pleura

A

essential to respiration - provides lungs with lubrication and cushioning

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16
Q

how much pleural fluid is in the intrapleural space?

A

4ccs - 5ccs

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17
Q

whats a property of the pleural fluid

A

slightly sticky
helps draw lungs outward - creates surface tension to help maintain position of lungs against chest wall

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18
Q

what does the pleurae serve as?

A

division between other organs in the body - preventing them from interfeering with lung function

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19
Q

basic definition of parietal pleura

A

adheres to the inside of the chest wall and diaphragm

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20
Q

basic definition of visceral pleura

A

adheres to the walls of the lungs, coverin each lobe

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21
Q

basic definition of pleural cavity

A

the area between the pleura containing a thin layer of thick fluid

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22
Q

defenition of epiglotis

A

seperates trachea from oesophagus and stops you breathing in food and drink

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23
Q

defnition of larynx

A

connects back of nose from trachea - forming an air passage to the lungs
also - where your voicebox is

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24
Q

defenition of diffusion

A

movement of particles from area of high conc to low conc

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25
Q

alveoli (2)

A

found at the end of the tiniest bronchioles

surrounded by capillary network where O2+CO2 exchanged through alveolar membrane

26
Q

where does the trachea start and where does it subdivide to

A

starts at larynx
divides into 2 bronchi
lung
divide into bronchioles

27
Q

where can you find rings of cartilage?

A

trachea + bronchi

28
Q

why do some things have rings of cartilage?

A

stop them collapsing - maintain an open passage for air

29
Q

what shape are the cartillage rings and why

A

C
gap at back to allow food down oesophagus (needs to stretch to allow food to pass down)

30
Q

diaphragm definition

A

muscle anchored to the lower ribs that seperates the chest from the abdomen

31
Q

what do intercoastal muscles do during inhilation?

A

lift + spread the ribs

32
Q

what do intercoastal muscles do during exhilation?

A

pull the ribs inferiorly + closer together

33
Q

how many intercoastal muscles do you have

A

22 pairs

34
Q

what are intercoastal muscles

A

muscles found between the ribs

35
Q

where are goblet cells found in

A

walls of trachea + bronchus

36
Q

what do goblet cells secrete

A

mucus made of mucin

37
Q

function of goblet cells

A

traps micro organisms + debris to keep the airways clear

38
Q

what do cilliated cells need a lot of

A

mitochondria for energy

39
Q

what happens to the mucus in the cilliated cells

A

you swallow the musuc and acid in the stomach destroys any bacteria

40
Q

gas exchange process of CO2 in alevoli

A

co2 produced in respiration is carried back in the blood vessels to alevoli then exhaled

41
Q

gas exchange process of O2 in alveoli

A

O2 inhaled diffuses through alveoli to the capillaries - distrubuted around for cellular respiration

42
Q

modifications of alveoli

(4)

A

thin layer of cells form the wall - short diffusion distance
moist walls for gas exchnage
large surface area - more efficient
constant diffusion gradient

43
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

44
Q

what are alvelous composed of

A

squamous epithelial cells and surfactant-releasing cells

45
Q

what does surfactant releasing cells actually do

A

reduces surface tension of the fluid - preventing walls of alveoli from collpasing / sticking together during breathing

allows gasses to dissolve before they diffuse in / out

46
Q

what happens to the Intercostal Muscles during inhalation

A

contract

47
Q

what happens to the Intercostal Muscles during exhalation

A

relax

48
Q

what happens to the ribs during inhalation

A

moves up and out

49
Q

what happens to the ribs during exhalation

A

moves down and in

50
Q

what happens to the diaphragm during inhalation

A

contracts and flattens

51
Q

what happens to the diaphragm during exhalation

A

relaxes and domes upwards

52
Q

what happens to the volume of lungs during inhalation

A

Increase

53
Q

what happens to the volume of lungs during exhalation

A

Decrease

54
Q

what happens to the thoracic pressure during inhalation

A

increases

55
Q

what happens to the thoracic pressure during exhalation

A

decreases

56
Q

what happens to the air movement during inhalation

A

in

57
Q

what happens to the air movement during exhalation

A

out

58
Q

what monitors / senses oxygen / co2 levels in the blood

A

Sensory organs in the brain
aorta
carotid arteries

59
Q

what happens with a high concentration of CO2 (breathing)

A

strongest stimulus to breathe more deeply and more frequently

60
Q

what happens with a low concentration of CO2 (breathing)

A

the brain decreases the frequency and depth of breaths.

61
Q

what does peak flow test measure

A

It measures the maximum rate of airflow that is blown out of the lungs during forced exhalation.

62
Q
A

Medical AS Level 🎀 (3 decks)

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