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Medical AS Level 🎀 > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

primary function of the respiration system

A

provides oxygen for metabolism in the tissues
removes CO2

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2
Q

secondary functions of the respiration system

A

produces speech
facilitates sense of smell
maintains acide base balance
maintains body water level
maintains heat balance

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3
Q

whats the function of the pleural membranes

A

cushions the lung
reduce any friction that may develop between between lung / rib cage

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4
Q

structure of pleural membranes

A

2 layered membrane that covers each lung
layers seperated by small amount of thick lubricant = pleural fluid

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5
Q

what medical conditions can affect the pleural membranes

A

collapsed lung, cancer

excess fluid can collect - would need to be drained

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6
Q

2 categories of pleural membranes

A

visceral pleura
parietal pleura

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7
Q

what type of membrane is the visceral pleura

A

internal membrane

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8
Q

what type of membrane is the parietal pleura

A

external membrane

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9
Q

what is the visceral pleura

A

thin, slippery membrane which covers surface of the lungs and dips into the areas seperating the different lobes of the lungs

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10
Q

what is the parietal pleura

A

lines the inner chest wall and diaphragm

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11
Q

where do the visceral + parietal pleura join?

A

helium

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12
Q

visceral + parietal pleura is the point of entry for ___

A

bronchus, blood vessels, nerves

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13
Q

from what is pleural fluid secreted from?

A

mesothelial cells

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14
Q

what is the function of the pleural fluid?

A

allows the layes to glide over each other as lungs inflate + deflate during respiration

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15
Q

what is the benefit of the structure of the pleura

A

essential to respiration - provides lungs with lubrication and cushioning

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16
Q

how much pleural fluid is in the intrapleural space?

A

4ccs - 5ccs

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17
Q

whats a property of the pleural fluid

A

slightly sticky
helps draw lungs outward - creates surface tension to help maintain position of lungs against chest wall

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18
Q

what does the pleurae serve as?

A

division between other organs in the body - preventing them from interfeering with lung function

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19
Q

basic definition of parietal pleura

A

adheres to the inside of the chest wall and diaphragm

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20
Q

basic definition of visceral pleura

A

adheres to the walls of the lungs, coverin each lobe

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21
Q

basic definition of pleural cavity

A

the area between the pleura containing a thin layer of thick fluid

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22
Q

defenition of epiglotis

A

seperates trachea from oesophagus and stops you breathing in food and drink

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23
Q

defnition of larynx

A

connects back of nose from trachea - forming an air passage to the lungs
also - where your voicebox is

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24
Q

defenition of diffusion

A

movement of particles from area of high conc to low conc

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25
Q

alveoli (2)

A

found at the end of the tiniest bronchioles

surrounded by capillary network where O2+CO2 exchanged through alveolar membrane

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26
Q

where does the trachea start and where does it subdivide to

A

starts at larynx
divides into 2 bronchi
lung
divide into bronchioles

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27
Q

where can you find rings of cartilage?

A

trachea + bronchi

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28
Q

why do some things have rings of cartilage?

A

stop them collapsing - maintain an open passage for air

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29
Q

what shape are the cartillage rings and why

A

C
gap at back to allow food down oesophagus (needs to stretch to allow food to pass down)

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30
Q

diaphragm definition

A

muscle anchored to the lower ribs that seperates the chest from the abdomen

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31
Q

what do intercoastal muscles do during inhilation?

A

lift + spread the ribs

32
Q

what do intercoastal muscles do during exhilation?

A

pull the ribs inferiorly + closer together

33
Q

how many intercoastal muscles do you have

A

22 pairs

34
Q

what are intercoastal muscles

A

muscles found between the ribs

35
Q

where are goblet cells found in

A

walls of trachea + bronchus

36
Q

what do goblet cells secrete

A

mucus made of mucin

37
Q

function of goblet cells

A

traps micro organisms + debris to keep the airways clear

38
Q

what do cilliated cells need a lot of

A

mitochondria for energy

39
Q

what happens to the mucus in the cilliated cells

A

you swallow the musuc and acid in the stomach destroys any bacteria

40
Q

gas exchange process of CO2 in alevoli

A

co2 produced in respiration is carried back in the blood vessels to alevoli then exhaled

41
Q

gas exchange process of O2 in alveoli

A

O2 inhaled diffuses through alveoli to the capillaries - distrubuted around for cellular respiration

42
Q

modifications of alveoli

(4)

A

thin layer of cells form the wall - short diffusion distance
moist walls for gas exchnage
large surface area - more efficient
constant diffusion gradient

43
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

44
Q

what are alvelous composed of

A

squamous epithelial cells and surfactant-releasing cells

45
Q

what does surfactant releasing cells actually do

A

reduces surface tension of the fluid - preventing walls of alveoli from collpasing / sticking together during breathing

allows gasses to dissolve before they diffuse in / out

46
Q

what happens to the Intercostal Muscles during inhalation

A

contract

47
Q

what happens to the Intercostal Muscles during exhalation

A

relax

48
Q

what happens to the ribs during inhalation

A

moves up and out

49
Q

what happens to the ribs during exhalation

A

moves down and in

50
Q

what happens to the diaphragm during inhalation

A

contracts and flattens

51
Q

what happens to the diaphragm during exhalation

A

relaxes and domes upwards

52
Q

what happens to the volume of lungs during inhalation

A

Increase

53
Q

what happens to the volume of lungs during exhalation

A

Decrease

54
Q

what happens to the thoracic pressure during inhalation

A

increases

55
Q

what happens to the thoracic pressure during exhalation

A

decreases

56
Q

what happens to the air movement during inhalation

A

in

57
Q

what happens to the air movement during exhalation

A

out

58
Q

what monitors / senses oxygen / co2 levels in the blood

A

Sensory organs in the brain
aorta
carotid arteries

59
Q

what happens with a high concentration of CO2 (breathing)

A

strongest stimulus to breathe more deeply and more frequently

60
Q

what happens with a low concentration of CO2 (breathing)

A

the brain decreases the frequency and depth of breaths.

61
Q

what does peak flow test measure

A

It measures the maximum rate of airflow that is blown out of the lungs during forced exhalation.

62
Q

limitations of peak flow meter

A

Not breathing in deeply enough to start the test
Not breathing out forcefully enough
Poor seal around the mouthpiece
Use of medicines that open the airways (bronchodilators)

63
Q

oxygen inhaled

A

21%

64
Q

CO2 inhaled

A

0.04%

65
Q

water vapour inhaled

A

depends on climate

66
Q

nitrogen inhaled

A

79%

67
Q

oxygen expired air

A

16%

68
Q

CO2 expired air

A

4%

69
Q

water vapour expired air

A

saturated

70
Q

nitrogen expired air

A

79%

71
Q

what does spirometer measure

A

how much air you breath in / out

how quickly you can exhale

72
Q

why would you need a spirometry test

A

wheezing
shortness of breath
cough

73
Q

what is spirometry test used for

A

common test
used to monitor and diagnose lung conditions such as COPD

74
Q

spirometery and the relevance of COPD

A

determine severity of COPD

set treatment goals

75
Q

how are results shown in spirometery

A

forced vital capacity (FVC)
forced expiratory volume in one second (FEC1)

(FVC/FEV1)

76
Q

limitations of spirometery

A

patient effort
incomplete inhalation
test quality - patients technique

77
Q

how is spirometery performed?

A
  1. close nostrils with clip
  2. inhale as much air as possible
  3. seal lips around mouthpiece
  4. exhale as hard and as quickly as you can
  5. rest between each breath

Medical AS Level 🎀 (4 decks)

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