nucleic acids Flashcards
3 parts of nucleotides
phosphate group
pentose sugar
nitrogenous base
how to easily idenitfy ATP
has 3 phosphate groups
whats the role of ATP
The short term energy store of the cell
what is ATP known as
energy currency
why is ATP known as energy currency
because it picks up energy from food in respiration and passes it on to a power cell processes
3 ways ATP can be made
Photophosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Substrate level phosphorylation
when does Photophosphorylation happen
during photosynthesis
when does Oxidative phosphorylation
happen
Occurs in the mitochondrion during aerobic respiration
when does Substrate level phosphorylation happen
when phosphate comes from a donor molecule
baisic baisic how does ATP release energy
breaks one of the 2 bonds between the phosphate groups
how is ATP hydrolysesed
ATPase
is hydrolysis of ATP a reversible reaction
yes
what is ATP hydrolysesd to
ADP
adneine diphosphate
whats good baout the bonds ATP breaks to go to ADP
easily broken
low activation energy
bonds between the phosphate groups and the adenosine are unstable
When broken, a considerable amount of energy is released
how is energy released form ATP
when ATPase breaks bond between middle + terminal phosphate group
hydrolysis reaction
Uses of ATP
Metabolic processes (e.g. DNA synthesis from nucleotides)
Active transport
Muscle contraction
Nerve transmission
Secretion (endocytosis & exocytosis)
advantage of ATP
Instant source of energy in the cell
Releases energy in small amounts as needed
It is mobile and transports chemical energy to where it is needed in the cell
Universal energy carrier and can be used in many different chemical reactions
whats annoyign about ATP
can’t be stored
how does ATP look like
3 phosphate
1 base
2 adenine blobs (one 6 sides, one 5)
nucleotides in DNA
a,c,t,g
nucleotides in RNA
a,u,c,g
dna pentose sugar
deoxyribose
rna pentose sugar
ribose
difference in bases between dna + rna
t in dna
u in rna
what are purines
Double Ringed Structure
what are Double Ringed Structure
purines
what are the purines bases
adenine
guanine
what are Pyrimidines
Single Ringed Structure
what are the Single Ringed Structure
Pyrimidines
what are the pyrmindine bases
cytosin
thymin
uracil
what does g bond to
c
what does a bond to
t
bonds between bases
hydrogen
dna strands are called
antiparalel
why are dna strands refered to as anti-paralel
two strands run in
opposite directions
3 types of rna
trna
mrna
rRNA
what is trna
transfer rna
what is rrna
ribosomal rna
what is mrna
messenger rna
side bonds between phosphate heads
covalent bonds to make strands
bonds in dna
a-t
g-c
bonds in rna
a-u
c-g
what are purines
2 carbon ring structures
what are pyrimidines
one carbon ring structure
what do antiparalel strands turn into
double helix
what does mrna do
carries genetic doe from the DNA to the ribosomes
what does trna do
transfer amino acids to ribosomes
what does rrna do
part of ribosomes
site of translation
how does mrna look like
long single stranded mol
how does trna look like
small single stranded mol folded into the shape of a clover leaf
how does rRNA look like
strandedn mol is also folded however incorporated within ribosome
where is mrna made
nucleus
when is mrna created
transcription
what does rRNA do
rRNA combines with protein to form ribosomes
what happens at rrna
site of translation
whats at end of trna
anticodon
trna function
tRNA molecules transport amino acids to the ribosome so proteins can be synthesised
name for the attraction between AT, CG
complementary base pairining
why is dna a polymer
contains many monomers of nucleotides
what are proteins used for
growth and repair
also enzymes
what are the main 3 things for protein synthesis
replication
transcription
translation
how does dna replicate
Semi-conservative replication
what is Semi-conservative replication
parental double helix separates into two strands, each of which acts as a template for synthesis of a new strand
how many steps of DNA replication
4
what happens in step 1 of replication
dna helicase breaksthe hydrogen bonds between complimentary base pairings
double helix unwinds
what happens in step 2 of replication
each strand used as a template
free floating nucleotides are attracted to complementary base pairings of parental dna
what happens in step 3 of replication
complimentary base pairing joined by condensation
what catalyses step 3 of replication
dna polymerase
what does dna polymerase do
catalyses the joining of adjacent nucleotides to make new strand via condensation reaction
step 4 of DNA replication
2 sets of new daughter cells
one strand from parent
one newly synthesised strand
difference between mrna, rRNA and tRNA
mRNA - long, single stranded mol
tRNA - small single stranded mol folded into cloverleaf shape
rRNA - stranded mol folded with ribosomes
