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Medical AS Level 🎀 > circulatory system > Flashcards

circulatory system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what type of circulatory system is the human circulatory system?

A

closed

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2
Q

name of the 4 chambers of the heart

A

left / right atrium
left / right ventricle

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3
Q

what is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transports nutrients such as glucose and oxygen, and hormones around cells of the body and removing waste products such as carbon dioxide and urea from cells of our body.

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4
Q

closed circulatory system definition

A

Blood flows through blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) with the heart pushing the blood around the body.

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5
Q

structure of arteries

A

hick-walled, muscular blood vessels with elastic fibers withstand the high pressure of blood being pumped from the heart

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6
Q

function of arteries

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood) away from the heart to various body tissues and organs.

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7
Q

biggest artery in the body

A

aorta

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8
Q

what do arteries branch into

A

arterioles

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9
Q

structure of arterioles

A

smaller than arteries
thinner walls
less elastic tissue

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10
Q

function of arterioles

A

Arterioles regulate blood flow and blood pressure by constricting or dilating, which can control the amount of blood that reaches specific tissues or organs.

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11
Q

structure of capillaries

A

smallest and thinnest blood vessels in the body
made of a single layer of endothelial cells (easy gas exchange)

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12
Q

capillaries function

A
  • facilitate the exchange of substances (e.g., oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide) between the bloodstream and surrounding tissues.
  • connect the artioles to the venules
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13
Q

how is endothelium adapted to its job role

A

permable to diffuse quickly

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14
Q

venules structure

A

smaller than veins but bigger than capillaries and have thinner walls compared to arteries

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15
Q

function of venules

A

collect blood from capillaries and merge to form larger veins to transport blood back towards the heart.

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16
Q

structure of veins

A

thinner walls than arteries and a larger lumen (internal space). They contain less elastic tissue and are less muscular.

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17
Q

function of the veins

A

carry deoxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood) from tissues and organs back to the heart, completing the circulatory loop.

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18
Q

what do valves do in veins

A

prevent backward flow of blood

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19
Q

what do arteriloes do

A

regulate blood floww

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20
Q

what do venules do

A

venules collect blood from capillaries

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21
Q

what do capillaries do

A

capillaries facilitate nutrient and gas exchange

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22
Q

what do arteries do

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, arterioles regulate blood flow,

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23
Q

contracted heart is called

A

systole

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24
Q

relaxed heart is called

A

diastole

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25
Q

what does the heart do

A

pumps the blood in order to move nutrients through the blood vessels to nourish and remove metabloic waste from the body

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26
Q

innermost layer of the heart

A

endocardium

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27
Q

middle layer of the heart

A

myocadrium

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28
Q

outer layer of the heart

A

pericardium

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29
Q

what is blood

A

liquid (plasma)
plasma is 90% water

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30
Q

scientific name for red blood cells

A

erythocytes

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31
Q

scientific name for white blood cells

A

leukocytes

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32
Q

scientific name for platelets

A

thrombocytes

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33
Q

what is diastole

A

relaxation phase
minimum arterial pressure

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34
Q

what happens during diastole

A

the heart chambers (atria + ventricles) are relaxed and fill with blood from the body and lungs

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35
Q

pressures in heart during diastole

A

lower pressure in heart chambers

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36
Q

what is systole

A

contraction phase
maximum arterial pressure

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37
Q

what happens during systole

A

he heart muscle contracts and pushes the blood out of the heart and into the large blood vessels of the circulatory system. From here, the blood goes to all of the organs and tissues of the body.

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38
Q

how does the pressure change in the heart

A

Contraction of the myocardium

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39
Q

what happens during atrial systole

A

The heart is full of blood and the ventricles are relaxed
Both the atria contract and blood passes down to the ventricles
The atrio-ventricular valves open due to blood pressure
70% of the blood flows passively down to the ventricles so the atria do not have to contract a great amount.

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40
Q

what is ventricular systole

A

atria relax.
ventricle walls contract, forcing the blood out
shuts tricuspid + bicuspid valves - lub

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41
Q

diastole (4)

A

ventricles relax
ventricles have lower pressure than arteries
Blood under high pressure in the arteries causes the semi lunar valves to shut.
all the muscle in the heart relaxes.

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42
Q

atrial systole definition summary on graph

A

Ventricular pressure increases due to passive filling

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43
Q

ventricular systole definition summary on graph

A

Ventricular pressure increases due to contraction

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44
Q

diastole definition summary on graph

A

Ventricular pressure decreases as ventricles relax

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45
Q

Which 2 parts of the heart experience the highest pressure

A

Aorta and left ventricle

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46
Q

why do the aorta and left ventricle have the highest pressure?

A

Left ventricle has thickest muscle wall in heart, creates greatest pressure, left ventricle empties to aorta

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47
Q

Why does the atrial pressure increase just before the ventricle pressure increases

A

Atria pushing blood into ventricle

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48
Q

Why is the atrial pressure always lower than the ventricular pressure

A

Atria are much small than ventricles and their muscle walls are thinner

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49
Q

Why does the ventricle pressure fall more than the aortic pressure

A

Aortic semilunar valve closes preventing back flow and pressure drop

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50
Q

why does the atrial pressure slowly increase as the ventricle pressure drops

A

Atria are filling with blood

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51
Q

What does diastole mean

A

Point of minimum aortic pressure

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52
Q

What does systole mean

A

Point of maximum aortic pressure

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53
Q

the five types of blood vessel that blood passes through on its way from the heart

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins

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54
Q

what does myogenic / myogenisis mean?

A

Myogenesis means the hearts rhythm is self generated

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55
Q

how is the heart myogenic

A

Neurones act on the heart to speed it up or slow it down (neurogenesis)

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56
Q

defentiton of how the heart is myogenic

A

heart is a muscular organ
contractions are initiated by electrical impulses
impulses are generated within the heart itself, making it a myogenic organ.

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57
Q

where does electrical impulses start in the heart?

A

SA node

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58
Q

1st step of electrical impulses in the heart

A

1 - starts in av node
pacemaker generates waves of signals to contract

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59
Q

2nd step of electrical impulses in the heart

A

spreads across atria - delay at AV node

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60
Q

3rd step of electrical impulses in the heart

A

Signals move down the Bundle of His
Signals pass to heart apex

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61
Q

4th step of electrical impulses in the heart

A

Signals at bottom of apex spread up through ventricles
goes through purkinjie fibres

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62
Q

where is the SA node

A

right atria

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63
Q

where is AV node

A

middle between the atrias

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64
Q

what do bundle branches do

A

carry electrical impulses

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65
Q

where is the heart apex

A

bottom of heart

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66
Q

where are the purkinjie fibres

A

the muscle outside of the ventricles / atrium

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67
Q

whats the SA node known as

A

natural pacemaker

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68
Q

what does the bundle of his do

A

contracts muscles in the center of the heart

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69
Q

what do the purkinjie fibres do

A

make the ventricles contract

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70
Q

myogenic defintion

A

has its own electrical impulses

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71
Q

what does the AV do

A

insulates the heart

prevents direct transfer of wave of excitation to ventricles

72
Q

what is the name of the things that change our heart rate

A

external factors

73
Q

some examples of external factors

A

anxiety
hormones
ageing
temperature
infection
exercise

74
Q

what does tachycardia mean?

A

high heart beat rate

75
Q

what does bradycardia mean

A

low bpm

76
Q

SA node in full terms

A

Sino-Atrial node

77
Q

AV node in full terms

A

Atrio-Ventricular node

78
Q

defenition of blood pressure

A

pressure excerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels

79
Q

fancy name for blood pressure machine

A

sphygmometer

80
Q

how does blood pressure machine work

A

restricts blood flow (brachial artery) then gradually deflates and blood flows - systolic and disystolic measurement

81
Q

how is blood pressure measured

A

mmHg
millimeters of mercury

82
Q

low blood pressure

A

under 90
under 60

83
Q

normal blood pressure

A

under 120
under 80

84
Q

at risk of prehypertension blood pressure rate

A

120-139
80-89

85
Q

high blood pressure rate

A

140 or higher
90 or higher

86
Q

limitations of blood pressure cuff

A

position
patient movement
cardiac arythmia
rapid pressure change
severe shock
heart rate

87
Q

things that can change blood pressure

A

salt intake
smoking - vasoconstriction
atherosclerosis
loss of elasticity with age
adrenaline
diet - fatty deposits in the bv

88
Q

what are the 3 things in blood

A

plasma
buffy coat
erythrocytes

89
Q

whats in a buffy coat of blood

A

leukocytes + platelets

90
Q

percentage of plasma in blood

A

55%

91
Q

percentage of buffy coat layer in blood

A

<1%

92
Q

percentage of erythrocytes in blood

A

45%

93
Q

leukoyctes common name

A

white blood cells

94
Q

erythrocytes common name

A

red blood cells

95
Q

thrombocytes common name

A

platelets

96
Q

leukocytes structure

A

lacks haemoglobin
have a nucleus

97
Q

leukocytes function

A

defend the body

98
Q

leukoyctes sub types

A

basophil
eosinophil
neutrophil
monocyte
lymphocytes

99
Q

specialized features of erythrocytes

A

flattened, biconcave, disc shape for efficient gas exchange

100
Q

features of erythrocytes

A

large amount of haemoglobin - for transporting oxygen
no nucleus or organelles - maximises space for haemoglobin
diameter 6 - 8 micrometers larger than capillary diametr - slows blood flow to enable diffusion

101
Q

problem with having a lack of nucleus

A

cannot divide, must be continusoly replaced
120 days lifespan

102
Q

thrombocytes function

A

responsible for blood clotting

103
Q

thrombocytes structure

A

no nucleus

104
Q

how are thrombocytes made?

A

fragrements of cell cytoplasm from a larger cell called the megakaryocyte

105
Q

3 ways that carbon dioxide is transported

A

dissolved in the blood plasma 10%

carbaminohaemoglobin in erythrocytes - 30%

biocarbonate in erythrocytes - 60%

106
Q

travel of oxygen from

A

transported by haemoglobin the red pigment in erythrocytes
oxygen diffuses into the blood at the lungs and binds to the haemoglobin proteins
oxygen disassociates from haemoglobin in the tissues and diffuses into the tissues

107
Q

electrical impulses acronym

A

SADBAP – Sino atrial node, atrial ventricular node, delay (allows atria to empty), bundle of His, apex, pukinje fibres

108
Q

what do A and B groups refer to

A

2 carbohydrate antigens found on the surface of red blood cells

109
Q

where are antibodies found?

A

blood plasma

110
Q

how can you figure out a blood group?

A

using antibodies that bind A or B antigens of red blood cells

111
Q

A blood group
antigen type?

A

A

112
Q

A blood group
serum ( plasma) antibodies

A

anti B

113
Q

A blood group
can receive

A

A, O

114
Q

A blood group
donate

A

A, AB

115
Q

B blood group
antigen type?

A

B

116
Q

B blood group
Serum ( Plasma) Antibodies

A

anti A

117
Q

B blood group
receive

A

B, O

118
Q

B blood group
donate

A

B, AB

119
Q

AB blood group
antigen type

A

A+B

120
Q

AB blood group
Serum ( Plasma) Antibodies

A

none

121
Q

AB blood group
receive

A

AB, A, B, O

122
Q

AB blood group
donate

A

AB

123
Q

O blood group
antigen type

A

none

124
Q

O blood group
serum (plasma) antibodies

A

anti A
anti B

125
Q

O blood group
receive

A

O

126
Q

O blood group
donate

A

AB, A, B, O

127
Q

definition of agglutination

A

clumping of erythrocytes that occurs when different blood types are mixed together

128
Q

rhesus blood group

A

either have it = +
or dont = -

129
Q

what antigens does A- have?

A

A antigen

130
Q

what antigens does A+ have?

A

A antigen
Rh antigen

131
Q

what antigens does B- have?

A

B antigen

132
Q

what antigens does B+ have?

A

B antigen
Rh antigen

133
Q
A
134
Q

How does an ecg graff look like?

A

Zig zag

135
Q

how would a blood pressure graph look like

A

curve

136
Q

what can ecgs help detect?

A

arythmias
cornoary heart disease
heart attacks
cardiomyopathy

137
Q

what are arythmias

A

heart beating too quickly, slowly or irregular

138
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

where the blood supply is blocked or interuppted by a build up of fatty substances

139
Q

what is a heart attack

A

supply of blood suddenly becomes blocked

140
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

heart walls become thickened

141
Q

what are the 3 types of ecgs

A

resting
ambulatory
stress/ exercise

142
Q

what is a resting ecg

A

lying down

143
Q

what is a ambulatory ecg

A

electrodes connected to small portable device on waist

144
Q

what is a stress / excersise ecg

A

when doing streneous activities

145
Q

how many electodes are placed (ecg)

A

10
self adhesive dots - single electrical contacts

146
Q

where are the electrodes placed?

A

6 on chest
4on legs
1on right leg is a dumby - neutral

147
Q

what to avoid before an ecg

A

creams / lotions
tight tops
full length tights

148
Q

fancy name for low bpm

A

bradycardia

149
Q

fancy name for high bpm

A

tachycardia

150
Q

what does p wave represent in ecg

A

impulses passing from the SAN to the AVN through the walls of the atria

151
Q

what does the qrs wave represent in ecg

A

shows the electrical impulses travelling down the Bundle of His and purkinje fibres

152
Q

what does the t wave represent in ecg

A

T wave occurs as the ventricles recover

153
Q

what is the p wave

A

Represents atrial depolarisation

154
Q

what is the Q wave

A

The first downward wave of the QRS Complex (Q Wave is often absent)

155
Q

what is the R wave

A

The initial positive deflection

156
Q

what is the S wave

A

The negative deflection following the R wave

157
Q

what is the T wave

A

Represents ventricular repolarisation

158
Q

what happens in the pr interval

A

Depolarisation of the Atria in response to the SA Node triggering

159
Q

what happens in the pr segment

A

Delay of the AV Node to allow filling of the Ventricles

160
Q

what happens in the qrs complex

A

Depolarisation of the Ventricles, triggers main pumping contractions

161
Q

what happens in the QT Interval

A

Is a measure of when the Ventricles contract to when they finish relaxing.

162
Q

what happenns in the ST Segment

A

Beginning of Ventricle repolarisation, should be flat.

163
Q

how to measure bpm on ecg

A

one big square = 1
one small square = 0.2

measure from brig of qrs wave to the next one
ee 3

divide by 300 = 300/3 = 100

164
Q

what is bradycardia

A

under 60bpm

165
Q

why does bradycardia happen

A

due to athletic training which increases stroke volume of the heart

pumps more blood per beat - bpm decreases

166
Q

what is tachycardia

A

over 100 bpm

167
Q

why does short term tachycardia happen

A

panic, fear, exercise

168
Q

why does longer term tachycardia happen

A

problems with SA node - surgery or drugs may be required

169
Q

what is an ectopic heartbeat?

A

an extra heartbeat that is not part of the hearts usual rhythm
ee heart contracts again before the first contraction has finished

followed by a short pause before normal rhythm continues

170
Q

significance of a ectopic heartbeat

A

relitivly common and doesn’t pause any health risk

if frequent - indicates a more serious heart condition

171
Q

what is atrial fibrillation

A

irregular waves of electrical excitation passing over the atria

atria contract radnomly and rapidly - electrical excitation not transmitted to ventricles (normally)

172
Q

atryial fibrilliation is a type of ___

A

arythmia

173
Q

what is the problem with atrial fibrillation

A

heart cannot pump blood normally - treated with medication / surgery

174
Q

what is a sinus arthymia?

A

irrehular heartbeat - where the difference between the P waves is different (length ways) - can be naturally occuring or due to heart damage

175
Q

when does ventricular fibrillation happen

A

during cardiac arrest

176
Q

what is ventricular fibrillation?

A

ventricles contractions are irregular and uncoordinated

will rapidly loose consciousness and will die if treatment is not immediatly started

Medical AS Level 🎀 (3 decks)

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