Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the 4 boundaries of the thoracic cavity?
- Sternum/Ribs (anterior/front)
- Vertebrae (posterior/back)
- Cervical region above 1st ribs (superior/top)
- Diaphragm (inferior/bottom)
What are the thoracic cavity subdivisions?
- Right pleural cavity (right)
- Left pleural cavity (left)
- Mediastinum (middle)
What are the origins of the diaphragm?
- Sternal slips of the xyphoid process
- Lower 6 costal cartilages and 12th rib
- Lumbar (L1-L3) vertebrae
What is the insertion of the diaphragm?
Central tendon
What are the three openings in the diaphragm?
- Inferior vena cava
- Esophagus
- Descending Aorta
What is the function of the diaphragm?
- RESPIRATION (main)
- esophageal constrictor
What is the blood supply of the diaphragm?
- Internal thoracic artery (main)
- branches via intercostal/phrenic arteries
What is the innervation of the diaphragm?
Ventral primary rami of the C3-C5 by the PHRENIC NERVE
What is the parietal pleura?
Lining on the WALL of the parietal cavity
Parietal = wall
What is the visceral pleura?
Coves the bronchi + alveoli + whole lung
serous membrane covering external surfaces of the lung
TRUE OR FALSE
You want the parietal and visceral pleura to touch.
TRUE
What are the pleura subdivisions?
- Costal pleura - SIDES FACING OUTWARDS
- Diaphragmatic pleura - BOTTOM
- Mediastinal Pleura - MIDDLE FACING IN
- Cervical Pleura (Cupola) - TOP
What is the epithelium of the visceral pleura?
Flattened cuboidal MESOTHELIUM cells with long microvilli
What is the function of the microvilli on the visceral pleura?
trap hyaluronic acid (mucopolysaccharide) + water
CREATE LUBRICATION FOR PLEURAL SUBSTANCES
helps with lung expansion
What is the blood supply of the parietal pleura?
Visceral and intercostal branches of the ascending aorta
What is the innervation of the parietal pleura?
- Intercostal nerves
- Phrenic nerves
What are pleural recesses?
spaces between the reflected layers of pleura that are NOT filled during respiration
AREAS OF FLUID ACCUMULATION
Ex. costo-mediastinal recess + costo-diaphragmatic recess
Where is a pleural tap inserted?
ABOVE rib #8
(not below rib 7 because there are a bundle of nerves there)
What are the lung surfaces?
- Apex
- Costal surface
- Diaphragmatic surface
- Mediastinal surface
What are the lobes of the lungs?
RIGHT (3):
1. Upper lobe
2. Middle lobe
3. Lower lobe
LEFT (2):
1. Upper lobe
2. Lower lobe
What are the lines in the lungs?
RIGHT (2):
1. Oblique fissure
2. Horizontal fissure
LEFT (2):
1. Oblique fissure
2. Linguia extension
3. Cardiac notch
How many segments does each side of the lung have?
TEN (10)
does not matter that the R has 3 lobes and the L has 2, both R/L sides are divided into 10 segments
Each lung segment has its own __________, allowing the removal of diseased segments without affecting other segent functions.
bronchiole
How many cartilaginous rings does the trachea have?
~20 rings
How many types of bronchi are there and what differentiates them?
- Primary bronchi (R/L)
- Secondary bronchi (to each lobe)
- Tertiary bronchi (to each segment)
What is the carina?
The small triangle under the bifurcation of the trachea –> bronchi
What are alveoli surrounded by?
CAPILLARIES
Bronchial arteries come off the ________________________ and wrap around bronchi.
descending aorta
What is the lung innervated by?
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- means BOTH sympathetic/parasympathetic control
What is the parasympathetic efferent innervation of the lungs?
VAGUS NERVE (CN X)
Bronchoconstrictor
Secretomotor
What is the sympathetic efferent innervation of the lungs?
SYMPATHETIC TRUNK (3/4 ganglion)
bronchodialators
What is the GSA (sensory for the lungs)?
VAGUS NERVE (CN X)
SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
What are the mechanics of respiration?
- Transverse (side to side)
- Anterior/Posterior enlarged
- Vertical plane enlarged
How is the transverse plane enlarged during respiration?
rotating ribs upwards and intercostals at the costovertebral and costosternal joints
How is the anterior/posterior plane enlarged during respiration?
rise at the costovertebral joint
How is the vertical plane enlarged during respiration?
contraction of the diaphragm (makes it smaller and lowers it)
What are the muscles of inspiration?
- Intercostal muscles (external + internal)
- Diaphragm
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Scalene
What are the muscles of exhaling?
SIMPLY RELAX INSPIRATION MUSCLES or…
- Abdominal muscles
- Lateral intercostals
What is the Heimlich maneuver?
Below the ribcage
Force diaphragm up
Force air outwards (forced expiration)
