Respiratory System

Question 1

What are the 4 boundaries of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 1

1. Sternum/Ribs (anterior/front)
2. Vertebrae (posterior/back)
3. Cervical region above 1st ribs (superior/top)
4. Diaphragm (inferior/bottom)

Question 2

What are the thoracic cavity subdivisions?

Answer 2

1. Right pleural cavity (right)
2. Left pleural cavity (left)
3. Mediastinum (middle)

Question 3

What are the origins of the diaphragm?

Answer 3

1. Sternal slips of the xyphoid process
2. Lower 6 costal cartilages and 12th rib
3. Lumbar (L1-L3) vertebrae

Question 4

What is the insertion of the diaphragm?

Answer 4

Central tendon

Question 5

What are the three openings in the diaphragm?

Answer 5

1. Inferior vena cava
2. Esophagus
3. Descending Aorta

Question 6

What is the function of the diaphragm?

Answer 6

1. RESPIRATION (main)
2. esophageal constrictor

Question 7

What is the blood supply of the diaphragm?

Answer 7

1. Internal thoracic artery (main)
2. branches via intercostal/phrenic arteries

Question 8

What is the innervation of the diaphragm?

Answer 8

Ventral primary rami of the C3-C5 by the PHRENIC NERVE

Question 9

What is the parietal pleura?

Answer 9

Lining on the WALL of the parietal cavity

Parietal = wall

Question 10

What is the visceral pleura?

Answer 10

Coves the bronchi + alveoli + whole lung
serous membrane covering external surfaces of the lung

Question 11

TRUE OR FALSE

You want the parietal and visceral pleura to touch.

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

What are the pleura subdivisions?

Answer 12

1. Costal pleura - SIDES FACING OUTWARDS
2. Diaphragmatic pleura - BOTTOM
3. Mediastinal Pleura - MIDDLE FACING IN
4. Cervical Pleura (Cupola) - TOP

Question 13

What is the epithelium of the visceral pleura?

Answer 13

Flattened cuboidal MESOTHELIUM cells with long microvilli

Question 14

What is the function of the microvilli on the visceral pleura?

Answer 14

trap hyaluronic acid (mucopolysaccharide) + water
CREATE LUBRICATION FOR PLEURAL SUBSTANCES
helps with lung expansion

Question 15

What is the blood supply of the parietal pleura?

Answer 15

Visceral and intercostal branches of the ascending aorta

Question 16

What is the innervation of the parietal pleura?

Answer 16

1. Intercostal nerves
2. Phrenic nerves

Question 17

What are pleural recesses?

Answer 17

spaces between the reflected layers of pleura that are NOT filled during respiration
AREAS OF FLUID ACCUMULATION
Ex. costo-mediastinal recess + costo-diaphragmatic recess

Question 18

Where is a pleural tap inserted?

Answer 18

ABOVE rib #8
(not below rib 7 because there are a bundle of nerves there)

Question 19

What are the lung surfaces?

Answer 19

1. Apex
2. Costal surface
3. Diaphragmatic surface
4. Mediastinal surface

Question 20

What are the lobes of the lungs?

Answer 20

RIGHT (3):
1. Upper lobe
2. Middle lobe
3. Lower lobe
LEFT (2):
1. Upper lobe
2. Lower lobe

Question 21

What are the lines in the lungs?

Answer 21

RIGHT (2):
1. Oblique fissure
2. Horizontal fissure
LEFT (2):
1. Oblique fissure
2. Linguia extension
3. Cardiac notch

Question 22

How many segments does each side of the lung have?

Answer 22

TEN (10)

does not matter that the R has 3 lobes and the L has 2, both R/L sides are divided into 10 segments

Question 23

Each lung segment has its own __________, allowing the removal of diseased segments without affecting other segent functions.

Answer 23

bronchiole

Question 24

How many cartilaginous rings does the trachea have?

Answer 24

~20 rings

Question 25

How many types of bronchi are there and what differentiates them?

Answer 25

1. Primary bronchi (R/L)
2. Secondary bronchi (to each lobe)
3. Tertiary bronchi (to each segment)

Question 26

What is the carina?

Answer 26

The small triangle under the bifurcation of the trachea –> bronchi

Question 27

What are alveoli surrounded by?

Answer 27

CAPILLARIES

Question 28

Bronchial arteries come off the ________________________ and wrap around bronchi.

Answer 28

descending aorta

Question 29

What is the lung innervated by?

Answer 29

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- means BOTH sympathetic/parasympathetic control

Question 30

What is the parasympathetic efferent innervation of the lungs?

Answer 30

VAGUS NERVE (CN X)

Bronchoconstrictor
Secretomotor

Question 31

What is the sympathetic efferent innervation of the lungs?

Answer 31

SYMPATHETIC TRUNK (3/4 ganglion)
bronchodialators

Question 32

What is the GSA (sensory for the lungs)?

Answer 32

VAGUS NERVE (CN X)
SYMPATHETIC TRUNK

Question 33

What are the mechanics of respiration?

Answer 33

1. Transverse (side to side)
2. Anterior/Posterior enlarged
3. Vertical plane enlarged

Question 34

How is the transverse plane enlarged during respiration?

Answer 34

rotating ribs upwards and intercostals at the costovertebral and costosternal joints

Question 35

How is the anterior/posterior plane enlarged during respiration?

Answer 35

rise at the costovertebral joint

Question 36

How is the vertical plane enlarged during respiration?

Answer 36

contraction of the diaphragm (makes it smaller and lowers it)

Question 37

What are the muscles of inspiration?

Answer 37

1. Intercostal muscles (external + internal)
2. Diaphragm
3. Sternocleidomastoid
4. Scalene

Question 38

What are the muscles of exhaling?

Answer 38

SIMPLY RELAX INSPIRATION MUSCLES or…

1. Abdominal muscles
2. Lateral intercostals

Question 39

What is the Heimlich maneuver?

Answer 39

Below the ribcage
Force diaphragm up
Force air outwards (forced expiration)