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Anatomy and Histology > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the middle mediastinum?

A

The space between the lungs along the midline

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2
Q

Where is the middle mediastinum?

A

Between sternal angle/T4 (anteriorly) and diaphragm (posteriorly)

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3
Q

What are the 3 components of the middle mediastinum?

A
  1. Pericardial sac (main)
  2. Heart
  3. Roots of great vessels (5: Aorta, Pulmonary trunk, Pulmonary veins, Inferior vena cava, Superior vena cava)
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4
Q

What innervates the diaphragm?

A

PHRENIC NERVE

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5
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve come from and attach to?

A

comes from cranial roots C3-C5
attaches to pericardial sac

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6
Q

What is the blood supply of the middle mediastinum?

A

internal thoracic artery/vein

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7
Q

Where is the location of the heart?

A

SUPERIOR: sternal angle (2nd costal cartilage)
INFERIOR: 5th intercostal space

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8
Q

What is the size of a person’s heart?

A

The size of the individual’s fist

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9
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium?

A
  1. Fibrous layer (OUTER)
  2. Serous layer (FOLDS IN ON ITSELF FOR 2 LAYERS)
    a. Parietal
    b. Visceral
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10
Q

What is between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous layers of the pericardium and what is its function?

A

PERICARDIAL SPACE
shock absorption and cushion

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11
Q

What is the order of the pericardium layers from outside to inside?

A
  1. Fibrous layer
  2. Parietal serous layer (serous)
  3. Pericardial space
  4. Visceral serous layer (epicardium)
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12
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A
  1. Endocardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Epicardium
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A
  • striated
  • branched
  • intercalated discs
  • many mitochondria
  • self-contractile
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13
Q

How many chambers of the heart are there?

A

FOUR
2 atria (receiving)
2 ventricles (pumping)

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14
Q

What is the flow of blood to and from the heart?

A
  1. Inferior/Superior vena cava
  2. Right atrium
  3. Right ventricle
  4. Pulmonary trunk
  5. Lungs
  6. Pulmonary vein
  7. Left atrium
  8. Left ventricle
  9. Aorta
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15
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

depression in right atrium in adults but foramen in babies

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15
Q

What is the right atrium (external) characteristics?

A
  • 1/4 of the anterior surface
  • receiving chamber for systemic circulation
  • have a right auricle (flap/ear)
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16
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

Large vein in the heart that drains deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle into the right atrium

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16
Q

What is the crista terminalis?

A

Separates the smooth wall veinous portion and pectinate muscle

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17
Q

What is the pectinate muscles?

A

The contractile portion of the atrium

18
Q

Which valve connects the right atrium and the right ventricle?

A

right atrioventricular (AV) valve
(tricuspid valvue)

19
Q

How many flaps does the right AV valve have?

A

THREE

20
Q

What is papillary muscle in the right ventricle?

A

projections out of the walls of the ventricle
small pillar-like projections

21
Q

The ____________________________ valve projects into the right ventricle.

A

right atrioventricular (AV)

22
Q

What is the chordae tendinae?

A

Tendinous chords that attach to the flaps of the valve to the papillary muscle to prevent the blowback of blood

23
Q

What is trabeculae carnae?

A

striations int he wall
pull walls of ventricle closed during contractions

24
Q

Which valve in the heart does not have chordae tendinae?

A

PULMONARY VALVE

25
Q

What valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk?

A

PULMONARY VALVE

26
Q

Which valve is located between the left atrium and ventricle?

A

left atrioventricular (AV) valve

27
Q

What is different about the pulmonary vein?

A

IT IS ONE OF THE ONLY VEINS THAT CARRIES OXYGENATED BLOOD
(from lungs back to heart)

28
Q

What valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta?

A

Aortic valve

29
Q

How many cusps does the aortic valve have?

A

THREE

30
Q

What is the left flow of blood through the heart called?

A

SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
OXYGENATED

30
Q

What is the right flow of blood through the heart called?

A

PULMONARY CIRCUIT
DEOXYGENATED

31
Q

What are some changes at birth?

A
  1. Foramen ovale –> fossa ovale
  2. Ductus arteriosus –> ligamentum arteriosum
  3. Ductus venosus –> ligamentum venosum
  4. Umbilical vein –> closed
31
Q

What is special about fetal circulation?

A

has shunt to bypass liver (due to placenta)
1. Umbilical vein
2. Ductus venosus
3. Foramen ovale
4. Ductus arteriosus
5. Umbilical arteries

32
Q

What is the tricuspid valve primarily made out of?

A

Fibrous tissue

33
Q

The aortic valve has small holes/openings behind the right and left flaps. What are these for?

A

for coronary arteries
COVERED BY THE FLAPS when blood flows through

34
Q

What are the two coronary arteries?

A
  1. Right coronary artery
  2. Left coronary artery
35
Q

What are the coronary veins?

A
  1. great cardiac vein –> coronary sinus, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein
  2. coronary sinus –> right atrium
36
Q

What are the two types of controls for the heartbeat?

A
  1. Intrinsic control
  2. Extrinsic control
37
Q

What is intrinsic control of the heartbeat?

A

From special tissues in the heart
2 “nodes”
1. Sinoatrial node (SA) - PACEMAKER
2. Atrioventricular node (AV) - down septum
Purkinje fibers
Bundle of His

38
Q

What is the extrinsic control of the heartbeat?

A

Parasympathetic system
Autonomic fibers synapse on SA node

39
Q

What are the parasympathetics of the extrinsic control of the heartbeat?

A

slow heartbeat
from VAGUS nerve (CN X)

40
Q

What are the sympathetics of the extrinsic control of the heartbeat?

A

speed up heartbeat
from CERVICAL to T1 SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA

41
Q

Where is the cardiac plexus located?

A

below the aortic arch
anterior to the trachea split (carina)

42
Q

Where does the preganglionic parasympathetics from the vagus nerve synapse?

A

in the cardiac plexus

43
Q

Where do the postganglionic sympathetics come from?

A

Sympathetic chain ganglia

Anatomy and Histology (7 decks)

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