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Anatomy and Histology > Mediastinum > Flashcards

Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four areas of the mediastinum?

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Middle (where heart is)
  3. Superior
  4. Posterior
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2
Q

What is the anterior mediastinum filled with?

A

FAT

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3
Q

Where is the anterior mediastinum located?

A

between sternum and pericardial sac

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4
Q

Where is the superior mediastinum located?

A

space between root of neck and pericardial sac

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5
Q

What gland does the superior mediastinum contain?

A

THYMUS GLAND

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6
Q

What does the thymus gland do?

A
  1. produce T-lymphocytes
  2. extends partially into the anterior mediastinum
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7
Q

What are the great vessels of the heart?

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Pulmonary trunk
  3. Superior vena cava
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8
Q

What are the parts of the aorta?

A

ascending aorta
arch of the aorta
descending aorta

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9
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk carry?

A

deoxygenated blood

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10
Q

What is the function of the superior vena cava?

A

drains the entire head and neck and upper limbs

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11
Q

What are the nerves of the superior mediastinum?

A
  1. Phrenic nerve
  2. Vagus nerve
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12
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate from?

A

Cervical spinal nerve C3-C5 (ventral primary rami)

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13
Q

What does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

DIAPHRAGN

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14
Q

Where does the vagus nerve originate from?

A

Brain stem

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15
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The phrenic nerve is general somatic afferent.

A

TRUE
brings back sensory information from the parietal pleura

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16
Q

The functional component of the phrenic nerve is _______________________. Why?

A

general somatic efferent (GSE)
Because the diaphragm is skeletal muscle

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17
Q

How does the vagus nerve come down and innervate?

A

Comes down from brain stem
Turns around and goes back to larynx
Wraps around the esophagus (makes plexus there)
Goes down to diaphragm

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18
Q

What branches come off of the arch of the Aorta?

A
  1. Brachiocephalic artery (RIGHT SIDE)
  2. Left common carotid artery
  3. Left subclavian artery
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19
Q

The ______________ arteries branch from the ascending portion of the aorta.

A

CORONARY

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20
Q

How many coronary arteries come off of the ascending aorta?

A

TWO
1. Right coronary artery
2. Left coronary artery

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21
Q

On the right side, you have the brachiocephalic trunk that splits into what?

A
  1. right common carotid artery
  2. right subclavian artery
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22
Q

What does the subclavian artery become when it passes over the lateral aspect of the first red?

A

AXILLARY ARTERY

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23
Q

The brachial branches that goes to the esophagus is an example of a what?

A

UNPAIRED BRANCH TO VISCERA

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24
Q

Paired branches to the thoracic wall is called what?

A

INTERCOSTAL ARTERIES

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25
Q

Branching arteries go down until what?

A

THE DIAPHRAGM

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26
Q

What is the function of the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

attaches the pulmonary trunk to the arch of the aorta

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27
Q

Prior to birth, what is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS

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28
Q

What do you find on the left side of the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

A BRANCH OF VAGUS

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29
Q

Which branch of vagus goes under the arch of the aorta and behind the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

LEFT RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE

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29
Q

What passes behind the ligamentum arteriosum and goes under the aorta?

A

LEFT RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE
aka
INFERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE

30
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate to?

A

The primary bronchi at the sternal plane ~T4-T5

31
Q

Where is the esophagus located?

A

Behind trachea
Behind heart

32
Q

Where is the posterior mediastinum located?

A

The space behind the pericardial sac
The area behind the heart

33
Q

The space behind the pericardial sac contains what?

A
  1. Descending aorta
  2. Azygous veins
  3. Esophagus
  4. Thoracic duct
  5. Sympathetic nerves
34
Q

What plexus wraps around the esophagus?

A

VAGUS PLEXUS

35
Q

What does the thoracic duct do?

A

Bring ECF back to venous circulation (from lymph circulation)

36
Q

What are in the sympathetic trunks?

A

Paravertebral ganglia

37
Q

Splanchnic nerves are PRE- or POST- ganglionic?

A

PRE-GANGLIONIC
sympathetic
synapse at pre-vertebral

37
Q

What are the veins of the thorax?

A
  1. Superior vena cava
  2. Inferior vena cava
  3. Azygous system
38
Q

Where is the superior vena cava found?

A

Superior mediastinum

39
Q

What does the superior vena cava do?

A

drains upper limbs and head and neck

40
Q

What is the superior vena cava formed by?

A

RIGHT AND LEFT BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEINS

41
Q

The brachiocephalic artery is ONLY on the ___________ (R/L/B) side, but the brachiocephalic vein is on ________________ (R/L/B) sides

42
Q

Where does the superior vena cava enter?

A

The right atria of the heart

43
Q

What does the inferior vena cava do?

A

Drains lower limbs and abdomen

44
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava pass through to enter where in the heart?

A

PASS THROUGH DIAPHRAGM
ENTERS RIGHT ATRIA OF HEART

45
Q

What is the function of the azygous system?

A

Drains the thoracic wall

46
Q

What is the right side of the azygous system?

A

AZYGOUS VEIN

47
Q

The azygous vein is formed by what?

A
  1. Right ascending lumbar vein on the posterior abdominal wall
  2. Right intercostal veins
48
Q

What is the left side of the azygous system?

A

HEMIAZYGOUS VEINS

49
Q

Where does the azygous vein empty into?

A

The superior vena cava
Comes up right side (next to esophagus)

50
Q

What does the vagus nerve do before it enter the diaphragm/abdominal region?

A

Forms a plexus

51
Q

What is the hemiazygous veins formed by?

A
  1. Left ascending lumbar vein on posterior abdominal wall
  2. Left intercostal veins
52
Q

The HEMIAZYGOUS VEIN crosses the __________ at about ______ to drain into the ____________.

A

MIDLINE
T8
AZYGOUS VEIN

53
Q

What does the thoracic duct (lymph) arise from?

A

Cisterna chyli in the abdomen

54
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

JUNCTION between the:
1. Left internal jugular vein
2. Left subclavian vein

55
Q

Is the thoracic duct thick or thin?

A

THIN AND FRAGILE

56
Q

All lymph nodes in the thorax drain where?

A

Into the THORACIC DUCT

57
Q

Where are lymph nodes in the thorax found?

A
  1. descending trachea
  2. esophagus
  3. vertebral column
  4. primary drainage to thoracic duct
58
Q

What are the nerves of the thorax?

A
  1. Intercostal nerves
  2. Sympathetic trunks
  3. Splanchnic nerves
  4. Phrenic nerve
  5. Vagus nerve
59
Q

Intercostal nerves are what type of nerves?

60
Q

Where will you find intercostal nerves?

A

ventral (anterior) primary rami of T1-T12

61
Q

Where will you find the sympathetic trunks?

A

Parallel to vertebral column
Where pre-gang sympathetic fibers synapse
On either side of vertebral column

62
Q

How many white rami communicates do we have and where?

A

14
T1-L2
from spinal nerve to ganglia

63
Q

How many gray rami communicates do we have and where?

A

31
from ganglia to spinal nerves

64
Q

What are splanchnic nerves?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers

65
Q

What is special about splanchnic nerves?

A

do not synapse in chain ganglia
pass into abdomen and synapse in ganglia on surface of abdominal aorta

66
Q

Where is the phrenic nerve from?

A

ventral (anterior) primary rami C3-C5
SPINAL NERVES C3-C5

67
Q

What is the functional component of the phrenic nerve?

A

GSE AND GSA

68
Q

The vagus nerve branches into what?

A
  1. recurrent (inferior) laryngeal nerves
  2. esophageal plexus
69
Q

On the right side, the vagus nerve goes where?

A

LOOPS UNDER THE RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY

70
Q

On the left side, where does the vagus nerve go?

A

LOOPS UNDER ARCH OF AORTA BEHIND LIGAMENTUM ARTERIOSUM

71
Q

Both the left and right side of the vagus nerve ascends alongside what?

A

Trachea to larynx

Anatomy and Histology (8 decks)

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