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Anatomy and Histology > Q2 Quiz #1 > Flashcards

Q2 Quiz #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of a serous membrane?

A
  1. parietal layer
  2. visceral layer
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2
Q

What are the 3 main vessels supplying blood to the gut?

A
  1. celiac trunk
  2. superior mesenteric artery
  3. inferior mesenteric artery
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3
Q

What moves to the left/right during development?

A

Stomach moves to left
Liver moves to right

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4
Q

Where is the greater omentum located?

A

from the stomach to the transverse colon

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5
Q

Where is the lesser omentum located?

A

connects the smaller curvature of the stomach to liver

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6
Q

What plexus is found near the esophagus and what forms it?

A

Vagal plexus
Vagus nerve

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7
Q

What are the parts of the stomach?

A
  1. cardiac
  2. fundus
  3. body
  4. pyloric section
  5. pyloric sphincter
  6. greater curvature
  7. lesser curvature
  8. greater omentum
  9. lesser omentum
  10. duodenum ligament
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8
Q

What attaches the liver to the duodenum?

A

hepatoduodenal ligament

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9
Q

What ducts open up into the deodenum?

A
  1. common bile duct
  2. main pancreatic duct
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10
Q

Where do the 2 ducts open up in to the duodenum?

A

the major duodenal papilla

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11
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine?

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
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12
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

pathway for vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

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13
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A
  1. appendix (cecum)
  2. ascending colon
  3. transverse colon
  4. descending colon
  5. sigmoid colon
  6. rectum
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14
Q

What is the junction between the ascending color and transverse colon called?

A

right colic (hepatic) flexure

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15
Q

What is the junction between the transverse and the descending colon called?

A

left colic (splenic) flexure

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16
Q

What is the remanent of the umbilical vein?

A

Ligamentum teres

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17
Q

What is the remanent of the ventral peritoneum called?

A

Falciform ligament

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18
Q

What are the frontal lobes of the liver?

A
  1. right
  2. left
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19
Q

What are the lobes of the liver from the posterior view?

A
  1. left
  2. right
  3. cuboidal (top)
  4. quadrate (bottom)
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20
Q

What do vessels travel through to enter the liver?

A

Porta hepatis

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21
Q

What is in the porta hepatis?

A
  1. hepatic portal vein
  2. hepatic artery
  3. common hepatic duct
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22
Q

What two ducts create the common bile duct?

A
  1. cystic duct
  2. common hepatic duct
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23
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Storage + concentration of bile

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24
Q

What is the function of bile in digestion?

A

Emulsification of fats

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25
Q

What is the flow of bile?

A
  1. produced in liver
  2. R/L hepatic ducts
  3. common hepatic ducts
  4. common bile duct
  5. major duodenal papilla (small intestine)
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26
Q

The main pancreatic duct opens where?

A

major duodenal papilla

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27
Q

What goes through the hilus of the spleen?

A
  1. splenic artery
  2. splenic vein
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28
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A
  1. removal of dead RC from blood + their destruction
  2. immune functions
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29
Q

Where do the 3 main arteries that supply the gut come from?

A

the aorta

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30
Q

What does the celiac trunk supply blood to?

A

FOREGUT
1. abdominal esophagus
2. stomach
3. duodenum (beginning part)
4. liver
5. gallbladder
6. posterior part of pancreas
7. spleen

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31
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply blood to?

A

MIDGUT
1. duodenum (rest of it)
2. jejunum
3. ileum
4. cecum
5. appendix
6. ascending and transverse colon (to the left/splenic flexure)

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32
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply blood to?

A

HINDGUT
1. descending colon
2. sigmoid colon
3. rectum

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33
Q

What are the 3 primary branches of the celiac trunk?

A
  1. hepatic artery
  2. left gastric artery
  3. splenic artery
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34
Q

What is the parasympathetics of the gut controlled by?

A

VAGUS or S2-S4
synapse in gut wall

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35
Q

Where is the sympathetics of the gut?

A

via thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves
neurons are in the thoraco- portion of the sympathetic chain
synapse in pre-aortic ganglia

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36
Q

Where does T5-T9 go to?

A

celiac ganglion

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37
Q

Where does T10-T11 go to?

A

superior mesenteric ganglion

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38
Q

Where does the lumbar go to?

A

inferior mesenteric ganglion

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39
Q

Where does the pelvic splanchnic nerves/plexus come from?

A

sacral

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40
Q

What is the function of the oral cavity?

A

ingestion and fragmentation

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41
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

fragmentation and digestion

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42
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

digestion and absorption of NUTRIENTS

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43
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

solidification and absorption of WATER

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44
Q

What are the two defense mechanisms of the digestive tract?

A
  1. surface defense mechanisms
  2. specific immune responses (GALT)
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45
Q

What is surface defense mechanisms?

A

production of saliva/mucous

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46
Q

What is specific immune responses by the GALT?

A

immune cells
Ex. Peyer’s patches

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47
Q

Neutralization of the pH due to acids for digestion is an example of what?

A

Surface defense mechanisms

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48
Q

What is the general organization of the GI tract?

A
  1. mucosa
    a. epithelium
    b. CT (lamina propria)
    c. muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle)
  2. submucosa + MEISSNER’S PLEXUS
  3. muscularis externa
    a. inner circular layer of smooth muscle
    b. AUERACH’S PLEXUS
    c. outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
  4. serosa
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49
Q

What are mucosal glands?

A

glands only in the mucosa (innermost layer)

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50
Q

What are submucosal glands?

A

glands that go through the mucosa and submucosa

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51
Q

How is the GI tract regulated?

A
  1. nervous system
    a. enteric NS (intrinsic)
    b. autonomic NS (extrinsic)
  2. hormones
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52
Q

What makes up the intrinsic regulation?

A
  1. Meissner’s (submucosal) plexus
  2. Auerbach’s (myenteric) plexus

**Interstitial cells of Cajal (pacemakers)

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53
Q

What hormones are secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the digestive tract?

A
  1. gastrin
  2. ghrelin
  3. motilin
  4. cholecystokinin (CCK)
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54
Q

What muscle is the esophagus made out of?

A

1/3 skeletal muscle
2/3 smooth muscle

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55
Q

What prevents the backflow of acid to the esophagus?

A

diaphragm and esophageal sphincter

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56
Q

What epithelium is the esophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (NK)

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57
Q

What two parts of the GI tract have submucosal glands?

A
  1. esophagus
  2. duodenum
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58
Q

What is a special feature of the stomach that makes it unique from the rest of the GI tract organization?

A

3 layers to the mucularis externa
1. innermost oblique layer
2. inner circular layer
3. outer longitudinal layer

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59
Q

What are the folds in the stomach called?

A

rugae

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60
Q

What is the epithelium of the stomach?

A

simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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61
Q

What is the difference between gastric pits and gastric glands?

A

gastric glands are deeper
gastric pits only have surface mucous cells

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62
Q

What cells are in a gastric gland?

A
  1. surface mucous cells (secrete mucous)
  2. parietal (oxyntic) cells (secrete HCl)
  3. chief cells (secrete pepsinogen)
  4. enteroendocrine cells (secrete hormones)
  5. stem cells
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63
Q

What features does the small intestine have that make it good for absorption?

A
  1. plica circulares
  2. villus
  3. enterocytes
  4. microvilli
64
Q

What is the epithelium of the small intestine?

A

simple columnar with goblet cells and enterocytes

65
Q

What type of glands does the small intestine have?

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

66
Q

What are paneth cells in the small intestine?

A

cells that secrete antimicrobial at the bottom of the Crypts of Lieberkuhn

67
Q

What is a special characteristic of the duodenum?

A

submucosal gland: Brunner’s glands

68
Q

What are the distinctive features of the jejunum?

A
  1. tallest villi
  2. plicae circulares
  3. Crypts of Lieberkuhn
  4. no submucosal glands
69
Q

What are distinctive features of the ileum?

A
  1. shorter and less abundant villi
  2. Peyer’s patches
    a. immune cells in the submucosa extending into lamina propria
  3. M cells
    a. long cytoplasmic processes
    b. present antigens to Peyer’s patches
    c. are in the epithelial layer
70
Q

What are distinct features in the large intestine?

A
  1. crypts of liberkuhn
  2. no villi
  3. teniae coli (bands of smooth muscle)
71
Q

Where are crypts of Lierkuhn found?

A

Small and large intestine

72
Q

What is the distinctive features of the appendix?

A
  1. less crypts of lieberkuhn
  2. circular arrangement of lymphoid follicles
73
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

liver

74
Q

Where does the liver receive its blood supply?

A
  1. hepatic artery
  2. hepatic portal vein (majority)
75
Q

Describe a liver lobule?

A
  • 6 sides/edges
  • portal triad
76
Q

What is included in the portal triad and where is it located?

A
  1. hepatic artery branch
  2. portal vein branch (largest)
  3. bile ductules

located at the corners of liver lobules (3-7/lobule)

77
Q

What is the portal lobule model of the liver?

A
  • contains portal tract/triad in the middle
  • blood goes from portal tract –> central vein
  • bile goes from cells –> traid
78
Q

Describe the acinar model of the liver.

A
  • have portal tract at the edges of the oval
  • hepatocytes are found in zones from 1-3 (1 closest with 3 farthest)
  • 1 will get more blood/nutrients than 3
  • have physiological connection when receiving oxygen/nutrients/drugs
79
Q

What is in the center of a liver lobule?

A

central vein

80
Q

Where does blood from the branch of the portal vein in the portal triad go?

A

the central vein

81
Q

Where does bile from the cells in the central vein go?

A

bile ductule

82
Q

What is the space of Disse?

A

Where have reticular fibers for structure to the liver
absorption of nutrients from blood vessels

83
Q

Which vessel is the most noticeable in the portal triad?

A

portal vein branch
(largest lumen + less organized tunica media)

84
Q

What epithelium lines the bile ductules?

A

simple cuboidal
(BCD = BILE CUBOIDAL DUCT)

85
Q

What epithelium lines the hepatic artery branch?

A

simple squamous

86
Q

What is the chief functional cell of the liver?

A

hepatocyte

87
Q

Where does bile pass through before reaching the ductule when produced by hepatocytes and it is associate with what junction?

A

bile canaliculus
(drains AWAY from central vein –> ductule in triad)
tight occluding junctions

88
Q

Which protein is expressed in high amounts in the liver?

A

Cytochrome P450

89
Q

What are the different ways drugs can affect enzyme activity in the liver?

A
  1. inhibit enzyme
  2. induce enzyme
  3. act as enzyme sustrate
90
Q

Sinusoids have what cells?

A
  1. endothelial cells
  2. Kupffer cells (inner walls)
  3. hepatic stellate cells (store fat/secrete collagen)
91
Q

As bile flows to the portal triad, the canaliculi get bigger and turn into what?

A

canals of Hering

92
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

reservoir for bile
concentrates the bile
adds mucus to it (to make it thicker)

93
Q

What is the epithelium of the gallbladder?

A

simple columnar epithelium

94
Q

What type of gland is the pancreas?

A

mixed (endocrine and exocrine)

95
Q

What does the pancreas contain?

A
  1. lobules of acinar glands (exocrine)
  2. islets of Langerhans (endocrine)
96
Q

What are the cells in the pancreatic acini?

A
  1. acinus
    a. acinar cells
    b. centroacinar cells
  2. ducts
    a. intercalated duct
    b. intralobular duct
    c. interlobular duct
    d. main duct
97
Q

What do islets of langerhans secrete?

A
  1. beta cells = insulin
  2. alpha cells = glucagon
  3. delta cells = somatostatin
  4. pancreatic polypeptide cells = pancreatic polypeptide hormones
98
Q

What are characteristics of the spleen?

A
  1. surrounded by capsule
  2. white pulp (lymphatic/WBC)
  3. red pulp (filter old RBC)
99
Q

What is the function of the adrenal gland?

A

production of glucocorticoids and mineralocortidoids and adrenaline

100
Q

What are the pair visceral branches of the abdominal aorta?

A
  1. suprarenal
  2. renal
  3. gonadal
101
Q

What are the paired somatic branches of the abdominal aorta?

A
  1. inferior phrenic
  2. lumbars
  3. common iliacs
102
Q

What are the unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta?

A
  1. celiac trunk
  2. superior mesenteric artery
  3. inferior mesenteric artery
103
Q

What does the celiac trunk supply?

A

foregut
lower esophagus –> proximal duodenum

104
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

midgut
duodenum –> left colic flexure

105
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A

hindgut
left colic flexure –> rectum

106
Q

The abdominal cavity bypasses the sympathetic chain and instead uses what?

A

thoracic splanchnic nerve
(synapse on the superior/inferior mesentery trunk)

107
Q

What cells are the neuroendocrine cells found mainly in the medulla of adrenal glands?

A

chromaffin cells

108
Q

The vagus supplies what?

A

foregut
midgut

109
Q

Pre-ganglionic fibers follow blood vessels to post-ganglionic neurons where?

A

myenteric plexus
Meissner’s plexus

110
Q

What supplies the hindgut and from what vertebrae?

A

pelvic splanchnics
S2-S4

111
Q

Parasympathetic has _____________ (long/short) pre-ganglionic and _____________ (long/short) post-ganglionic.

A

long
short

112
Q

Sympathetic has _____________ (long/short) pre-ganglionic and _____________ (long/short) post-ganglionic.

A

short
long

113
Q

Describe referred pain.

A

sympathetic NS transmits pain back to the CNS
sympathetic fibers travel back to dorsal root ganglion at the same time as the spinal nerve
CNS gets confused
bc of the merging of the sympathetic fibers with spinal nerve in DRG

114
Q

What is the venous drainage of the inferior vena cava?

A
  1. common iliacs
  2. lumbars
  3. renals
  4. suprarenals
  5. gonadals* (gondal –> renal)
  6. hepatics
115
Q

What is an anastomosis in the veins of portal circulation?

A

portocaval anastomoses

116
Q

What are muscles of the abdomen?

A
  1. diaphragm
  2. quadratus lumborum
  3. psoas major/minor
  4. iliacus
117
Q

What is the somatic innervation of the abdomen?

A
  1. iliohypogastric nerve (from anterior of L1)
  2. ilioinguinal nerve (from anterior of L1)
  3. lumbar plexus (APR’s of L1-L4)
  4. femoral nerve (L2-L4)
118
Q

What do kidneys release as exocrine?

A

urine

119
Q

What do kidneys release as endocrine?

A
  1. renin
  2. erythropoietin
120
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A
  1. regulation of water/electrolytes/acid-base balance
  2. regulation of body fluid/electrolyte (NaCl) concentrations
  3. regulation of arterial pressure (renin)
  4. secretion of/response to hormones
  5. excretion of metabolic wastes and foreign objects to the body
121
Q

What is the renin-angiotensin system?

A
  1. kidneys produce renin
  2. converts angiotensinogen from liver into angiotensin I
  3. angiotensin I –> angiotensin II in the lungs
  4. angiotensin II goes to adrenal glands and is converted into aldosterone
122
Q

What is the effects of angiotensin II?

A

vasoconstriction
increases blood pressure

123
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

Water reabsorption

124
Q

What are the steps of urine production?

A
  1. filtration of plasma
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
  4. concentration of urine
  5. excretion
125
Q

What is the kidney surrounded y?

A

Renal capsule

126
Q

What does the renal cortex contain?

A

renal corpuscles
tubules

127
Q

What are the parts of a renal pyramid?

A
  1. corticomedullary border (base)
  2. renal papilla (tip)
128
Q

What is the space between each renal pyramid and what is its function?

A

renal column
passageway for blood vessels

129
Q

What makes up a renal lobe?

A
  1. renal capsule
  2. renal cortex
  3. renal medulla (pyramids)
130
Q

What is the function of the minor calyx?

A

cup-like structure
where urine will first sit/seep into from the renal papilla

131
Q

Where do all the major calyx converge to?

A

Renal pelvis

132
Q

What provides the blood supply to the kidneys?

A

renal artery

133
Q

What is the flow of blood in and out of the kidneys?

A
  1. renal artery
  2. segmental artery
  3. interlobar artery
  4. arcuate artery
  5. interlobular artery
  6. afferent arteriole
  7. glomerulus
  8. efferent arteriole
  9. peritubular capillaries
  10. vasa recta
  11. interlobular vein
  12. arcuate vein
  13. interlobar vein
  14. renal vein
134
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

135
Q

What are the components of a nephron?

A
  1. renal corpuscle
  2. proximal convoluted tubule
  3. loop of henle
  4. distal convoluted tubule
  5. connecting tubule
  6. collecting duct
136
Q

What are the two type of nephrons?

A
  1. short loop of henle, renal corpuscle closer to cortex
  2. long loop of henle, renal corpuscle closer to border (majority of nephrons)
137
Q

Describe the structure of a renal corpuscle.

A
  1. afferent arteriole (blood flow in)
  2. glomerulus (inside corpuscle)
  3. parietal layer of bowman’s capsule
  4. bowman’s space
  5. visceral layer of bowman’s capsule
  6. efferent arteriole
  7. proximal convoluted tubule
138
Q

What are cells in the renal corpuscle?

A
  1. endothelial cells
  2. podocytes (line visceral layer)
  3. mesangial cells and matrix (contractile and phagocytic)
139
Q

What is the function of podocytes?

A
  • wrap around the glomerulus in visceral layer
  • long cytoplasmic extensions to interdigitate from one cell to another
  • blood will pass between those spaces
  • help with formation of ultrafiltrate
  • blood that passes through these spaces will be filtered
140
Q

What are gaps in the endothelium called?

A

endothelium fenestrations

141
Q

Ultrafiltrate will exclude what?

A
  1. large molecules
  2. heavy molecules
  3. negatively charged molecules
142
Q

Why are negatively charged molecules unable to get into the basement membrane?

A

basement membrane is negatively charged
repels the negatively charged ions

143
Q

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

reabsorbs all glucose, most of amino acids, filtered proteins, water, Na+, and Cl-

144
Q

Proximal convoluted tubules have what type of epithelium?

A

simple cuboidal cells with brush border

145
Q

What are medullary rays?

A

extend towards the medulla
contains straight parts of PCT, DCT, and collecting ducts
many tubules going in one direction

146
Q

What are the limbs of the loop of Henle?

A
  1. thin limbs (reabsorb water + electrolytes)
  2. thick limbs (reabsorb electrolytes)
147
Q

What are the characteristics of the DCT?

A
  • no microvilli
  • wider lumen
  • relatively impermeable to water
148
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

specialization of the glomerular afferent arteriole and DCT of the same nephron

149
Q

What are the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A
  • macula densa of the DCT
  • juxtaglomerular cells of the AA
  • extraglomerular mesangial (Lacis) cells
150
Q

What is the epithelium of the collecting duct?

A

Simple cuboidal –> simple columnar epithelium

151
Q

What ducts does the collecting duct have?

A

ducts of Bellini

152
Q

Where do ducts of Bellini drain into?

A

renal papilla

153
Q

What is the effect of ADH?

A

send water back into body to be reabsorbed
urinate less

154
Q

What is the effect of repressing ADH?

A

urinate more

155
Q

What type of capillaries does hepatocytes have?

A

sinusoidal

156
Q

What type of epithelium are in the ureters?

A

transitional epithelium

157
Q

What type of epithelium does the urinary bladder have?

A

transitional epithelium

Anatomy and Histology (7 decks)

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