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Anatomy and Histology > Pleura and Lungs > Flashcards

Pleura and Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the Respiratory System?

A
  1. Conducting System
  2. Interface for exchange of gases
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2
Q

What are the anatomical divisions of the Respiratory system?

A
  1. Upper respiratory tract
  2. Lower respiratory tract
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3
Q

What are the structures included in the Upper Respiratory Tract?

A
  1. Nasal Cavity
  2. Nasopharynx
  3. Oropharynx
  4. Laryngopharynx
  5. Larynx

Ned Never Opens Little Legs

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4
Q

What are structures included in the Lower Respiratory Tract?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchi
  3. Bronchioles
  4. Alveolar ducts/sacs/alveoli
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5
Q

What makes up the majority of the lungs?

A

Alveoli

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6
Q

Why does the trachea have cartilage?

A

Big airways are subject to collapse without proper support

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7
Q

What is the trachea supported with?

A

Rings of hyaline cartilage

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8
Q

What links the cartilaginous ring ends together in the trachea and why?

A

annular ligaments
allows for support without being too rigid

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9
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Respiratory epithelium
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10
Q

What is the respiratory epithelium in the trachea and what do they contain?

A
  1. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Brush cells with microvilli
  4. Basal cells
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11
Q

What are the two functions of basal cells?

A
  1. neuroendocrine function
  2. stem cells
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12
Q

What is the sections of the trachea from outside to inside?

A
  1. Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia)
  2. Lamina Propria
  3. Submucosa
  4. Fibroelastic tissue (cartilage)
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13
Q

What glands does the submucosa have and is it thick or thin in the trachea?

A

Seromucinous glands
THICK

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14
Q

What fluid does the respiratory epithelium secrete?

A

Mucus (thick)

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15
Q

What fluid does the seromucinous glands secrete?

A

Secretes a mixed serous-mucoid secretion of:
1. mucin
2. lysozyme
3. antiproteases

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16
Q

What is the function of mucus in the trachea?

A
  1. To trap inhaled particles and liquids
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17
Q

What is the function of the serous-mucoid secretion?

A
  1. Create a thinner mucus mixture
  2. Support antimicrobial activities of neutrophils/macrophages
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18
Q

What is the difference between the respiratory epithelium in the bronchi vs the trachea?

A

SAME epithelium (pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia) EXCEPT just less TALL

slightly shorter

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19
Q

Why is the respiratory epithelium in the bronchi smaller than that in the trachea?

A

diameter of the airway is smaller in bronchi than in the trachea

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20
Q

What does the bronchi use as support to keep the airway open?

A

interconnected cartilagInous plates
NO LONGER FULLY FORMED RINGS

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21
Q

What is the difference between the lamina propria in the bronchi vs the trachea?

A

the lamina propria in the bronchi has MORE ELASTIN

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22
Q

What is the main difference between the bronchi and the trachea layers?

A

ADDITION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYER

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23
Q

Where is the smooth muscle layer between in the bronchi?

A

Between the submucosa and the lamina propria

24
Q

What is the sections of the bronchi from outside to inside?

A
  1. Epithelium (less tall)
  2. Lamina propria (more elastin)
  3. Smooth muscle layer
  4. Submucosa (thinner)
  5. Cartilage (plates NOT rings)
25
What are the three types of bronchioles?
1. Bronchioles 2. Terminal Bronchioles 3. Respiratory Bronchioles
26
How are each bronchiole type divided from one another?
1. Bronchioles (<1mm) 2. Terminal Bronchioles (<0.5mm) 3. Respiratory Bronchioles (has individual alveoli in their walls)
27
What do bronchioles NOT have that the trachea and bronchi have?
1. Cartilage 2. Submucosal glands
28
What are the walls of bronchioles made out of?
Smooth muscle
29
What is the epithelium of bronchioles?
Ciliated simple columnar
30
What is the function of neuroendocrine cells in bronchioles?
Produce peptide hormones Ex. serotonin + bombesin Regulates muscle tone in the surrounding bronchial walls
31
What are the difference between the respiratory bronchioles and the terminal bronchioles?
Respiratory: - have individual bronchi in their walls - smooth muscle layer is in bands - more collagen + elastic fiber Terminal: - smooth muscle layer is a full continuous sheet
32
What is the epithelium for respiratory bronchioles?
ciliated cuboidal
33
What is the dominant cell type in respiratory bronchioles?
Clara cells
34
What is the function of Clara cells?
1. produce 1/2 of a surfactant 2. act as stem cells in the lungs 3. have enzymes that detoxify noxious substances (gases)
35
What is the terminal portion of a respiratory tree?
Respiratory bronchioles --> alveolar ducts --> alveolar sacs --> alveoli THINK OF A RASPBERRY
36
Alveoli are surrounded by ______ fibers.
ELASTIC
37
In the alveoli, __________ and __________ are separated by a thin distance, allowing for gas exchange.
Blood Air
38
How many holes does alveoli have?
TWO 1. One leading to the air sac 2. One leading to other alveoli
39
What are the small holes that connect each alveoli to each other called?
Pores of Kohn
40
What is the function of Pores of Kohn?
equalize pressure between the alveoli
41
What are the cell types in alveoli?
1. Type I Alveolar cells (flat/thin) 2. Squamous epithelial cells (with the blood vessels/capillaries) 3. Type II Alveolar cells 4. Alveolar Macrophages
42
How many Type I Alveolar cells does an alveoli have?
ONE
43
How many squamous epithelial cells does an alveoli have?
ONE
44
What type of epithelium is a Type II Alveolar cell and what is its function?
cuboidal epithelium secrete 1/2 of the surfactant
45
What is the surfactant of the respiratory bronchioles produced by?
1. Clara cells 2. Type II Alveolar cells
46
How many walls consists of the blood/air interface?
FOUR 1. Type I alveolar cytoplasm 2. Type I alveolar basement membrane 3. Endothelial cell of capillaries basement membrane 4. Endothelial cell of capillaries cytoplasm
47
Where are Type II alveolar cells found?
In the corners of respiratory bronchioles
48
The Type II alveolar cells have __________ projecting into the alveolus.
MICROVILI
49
The Type II alveolar cells have __________ secreting phospholipids.
LAMELLAR BODIES
50
What is the function of the phospholipids secreted by the lamellar bodies?
mixes with secretion of Clara cells to create lipoprotein
51
What is betwen the alveoli which creates the elasticity of the alveolar wall?
fibroelastic supporting framework
52
What junctions are present in respiratory bronchioles?
Tight junctions
53
What is chronic bronchitis?
The thickening of the bronchial wall
54
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
asthma + chronic bronchitis + emphysema
55
What is emphysema?
destruction of alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli
56
What is silicosis and asbestosis?
When the macrophages phagocytize silica and it turns in the silica acid Turns it black Cancer of the pleura

Anatomy and Histology (8 decks)

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