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Anatomy and Histology > Pleura and Lungs > Flashcards

Pleura and Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the Respiratory System?

A
  1. Conducting System
  2. Interface for exchange of gases
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2
Q

What are the anatomical divisions of the Respiratory system?

A
  1. Upper respiratory tract
  2. Lower respiratory tract
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3
Q

What are the structures included in the Upper Respiratory Tract?

A
  1. Nasal Cavity
  2. Nasopharynx
  3. Oropharynx
  4. Laryngopharynx
  5. Larynx

Ned Never Opens Little Legs

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4
Q

What are structures included in the Lower Respiratory Tract?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchi
  3. Bronchioles
  4. Alveolar ducts/sacs/alveoli
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5
Q

What makes up the majority of the lungs?

A

Alveoli

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6
Q

Why does the trachea have cartilage?

A

Big airways are subject to collapse without proper support

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7
Q

What is the trachea supported with?

A

Rings of hyaline cartilage

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8
Q

What links the cartilaginous ring ends together in the trachea and why?

A

annular ligaments
allows for support without being too rigid

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9
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Respiratory epithelium
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10
Q

What is the respiratory epithelium in the trachea and what do they contain?

A
  1. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Brush cells with microvilli
  4. Basal cells
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11
Q

What are the two functions of basal cells?

A
  1. neuroendocrine function
  2. stem cells
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12
Q

What is the sections of the trachea from outside to inside?

A
  1. Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia)
  2. Lamina Propria
  3. Submucosa
  4. Fibroelastic tissue (cartilage)
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13
Q

What glands does the submucosa have and is it thick or thin in the trachea?

A

Seromucinous glands
THICK

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14
Q

What fluid does the respiratory epithelium secrete?

A

Mucus (thick)

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15
Q

What fluid does the seromucinous glands secrete?

A

Secretes a mixed serous-mucoid secretion of:
1. mucin
2. lysozyme
3. antiproteases

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16
Q

What is the function of mucus in the trachea?

A
  1. To trap inhaled particles and liquids
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17
Q

What is the function of the serous-mucoid secretion?

A
  1. Create a thinner mucus mixture
  2. Support antimicrobial activities of neutrophils/macrophages
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18
Q

What is the difference between the respiratory epithelium in the bronchi vs the trachea?

A

SAME epithelium (pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia) EXCEPT just less TALL

slightly shorter

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19
Q

Why is the respiratory epithelium in the bronchi smaller than that in the trachea?

A

diameter of the airway is smaller in bronchi than in the trachea

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20
Q

What does the bronchi use as support to keep the airway open?

A

interconnected cartilagInous plates
NO LONGER FULLY FORMED RINGS

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21
Q

What is the difference between the lamina propria in the bronchi vs the trachea?

A

the lamina propria in the bronchi has MORE ELASTIN

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22
Q

What is the main difference between the bronchi and the trachea layers?

A

ADDITION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYER

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23
Q

Where is the smooth muscle layer between in the bronchi?

A

Between the submucosa and the lamina propria

24
Q

What is the sections of the bronchi from outside to inside?

A
  1. Epithelium (less tall)
  2. Lamina propria (more elastin)
  3. Smooth muscle layer
  4. Submucosa (thinner)
  5. Cartilage (plates NOT rings)
25
Q

What are the three types of bronchioles?

A
  1. Bronchioles
  2. Terminal Bronchioles
  3. Respiratory Bronchioles
26
Q

How are each bronchiole type divided from one another?

A
  1. Bronchioles (<1mm)
  2. Terminal Bronchioles (<0.5mm)
  3. Respiratory Bronchioles (has individual alveoli in their walls)
27
Q

What do bronchioles NOT have that the trachea and bronchi have?

A
  1. Cartilage
  2. Submucosal glands
28
Q

What are the walls of bronchioles made out of?

A

Smooth muscle

29
Q

What is the epithelium of bronchioles?

A

Ciliated simple columnar

30
Q

What is the function of neuroendocrine cells in bronchioles?

A

Produce peptide hormones
Ex. serotonin + bombesin

Regulates muscle tone in the surrounding bronchial walls

31
Q

What are the difference between the respiratory bronchioles and the terminal bronchioles?

A

Respiratory:
- have individual bronchi in their walls
- smooth muscle layer is in bands
- more collagen + elastic fiber

Terminal:
- smooth muscle layer is a full continuous sheet

32
Q

What is the epithelium for respiratory bronchioles?

A

ciliated cuboidal

33
Q

What is the dominant cell type in respiratory bronchioles?

A

Clara cells

34
Q

What is the function of Clara cells?

A
  1. produce 1/2 of a surfactant
  2. act as stem cells in the lungs
  3. have enzymes that detoxify noxious substances (gases)
35
Q

What is the terminal portion of a respiratory tree?

A

Respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts –> alveolar sacs –> alveoli

THINK OF A RASPBERRY

36
Q

Alveoli are surrounded by ______ fibers.

A

ELASTIC

37
Q

In the alveoli, __________ and __________ are separated by a thin distance, allowing for gas exchange.

A

Blood
Air

38
Q

How many holes does alveoli have?

A

TWO
1. One leading to the air sac
2. One leading to other alveoli

39
Q

What are the small holes that connect each alveoli to each other called?

A

Pores of Kohn

40
Q

What is the function of Pores of Kohn?

A

equalize pressure between the alveoli

41
Q

What are the cell types in alveoli?

A
  1. Type I Alveolar cells (flat/thin)
  2. Squamous epithelial cells (with the blood vessels/capillaries)
  3. Type II Alveolar cells
  4. Alveolar Macrophages
42
Q

How many Type I Alveolar cells does an alveoli have?

A

ONE

43
Q

How many squamous epithelial cells does an alveoli have?

A

ONE

44
Q

What type of epithelium is a Type II Alveolar cell and what is its function?

A

cuboidal epithelium
secrete 1/2 of the surfactant

45
Q

What is the surfactant of the respiratory bronchioles produced by?

A
  1. Clara cells
  2. Type II Alveolar cells
46
Q

How many walls consists of the blood/air interface?

A

FOUR
1. Type I alveolar cytoplasm
2. Type I alveolar basement membrane
3. Endothelial cell of capillaries basement membrane
4. Endothelial cell of capillaries cytoplasm

47
Q

Where are Type II alveolar cells found?

A

In the corners of respiratory bronchioles

48
Q

The Type II alveolar cells have __________ projecting into the alveolus.

A

MICROVILI

49
Q

The Type II alveolar cells have __________ secreting phospholipids.

A

LAMELLAR BODIES

50
Q

What is the function of the phospholipids secreted by the lamellar bodies?

A

mixes with secretion of Clara cells to create lipoprotein

51
Q

What is betwen the alveoli which creates the elasticity of the alveolar wall?

A

fibroelastic supporting framework

52
Q

What junctions are present in respiratory bronchioles?

A

Tight junctions

53
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

The thickening of the bronchial wall

54
Q

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

asthma + chronic bronchitis + emphysema

55
Q

What is emphysema?

A

destruction of alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli

56
Q

What is silicosis and asbestosis?

A

When the macrophages phagocytize silica and it turns in the silica acid
Turns it black
Cancer of the pleura

Anatomy and Histology (7 decks)

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