respiratory system

Question 1

what is the respiratory systems function

Answer 1

to bring in air to the body from the external environment and to expel CO2 waste products from the body.

Question 2

what is the function of the left/right bronchi

Answer 2

it distributes air

Question 3

what is the function of tongue

Answer 3

it helps swallow

Question 4

what is the function of the epiglotis

Answer 4

it ensures food diverts into the oesophagus

Question 5

what is the larynx

Answer 5

voice box

Question 6

what is the function of the trachea

Answer 6

it is the wind wipe

Question 7

what is the function of the left /right lobe

Answer 7

it is the left/right lung

Question 8

what is the function of the diaphragm

Answer 8

it contracts to put air into the lung

Question 9

what is the function of the nasal passage

Answer 9

it humidifies

Question 10

what is the pharynx

Answer 10

the throat

Question 11

what is the function of the nose

Answer 11

it warms and filters the air before it goes in

Question 12

what is the breathing anatomy

Answer 12

• the nose filters and warms the air with a mucus membrane and hairs (cilia)
• the pharynx- the throat
• the larynx is the voice box and meets the trachea
• epiglottis ensures that food is diverted into the oesophagus and not the trachea

Question 13

what happens as the diaphragm contracts

Answer 13

the volume in the lobes increase so pressure decreases so air will move from the external environment where there is higher pressure to the lungs.

Question 14

where does blood flow the slowest and why is this helpful

Answer 14

blood flows slowest in the capillaries which is helpful for gas exchange so if it wasn’t flowing slow exchanging couldn’t be done properly.

Question 15

explain the mechanics that support breathing and the importance of a airtight pleural cavity

Answer 15

during inspiration
1. the diaphragm contracts and flattens
2. pleural cavity increases in volume causing pressure inside to lower
3. the pressure exists and goes to a high to low movement
4. air moves into the lungs

during expiration
1. the diaphragm relaxes
2. pleural cavity decreases in volume
causing pressure inside to increase
4. the pressure gradient exists and goes to a high to low movement
5. air moves out of the lungs

Question 16

intercostal muscles have what

Answer 16

internal is for respiration and external is for inspiration

Question 17

what do external intercostals do

Answer 17

they pull the ribs together raising the rib cage for inspiration

Question 18

what is pulmonary ventilation

Answer 18

the process by which ambient air is brought into and exchanged with air in the lungs

Question 19

what is the size of lung volume

Answer 19

4-6 litres

Question 20

what is inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 20

following inspiration the amount of air that you could continue to inspire if required

Question 21

what is vital capacity

Answer 21

the maximum volume forcingly expired following a maximum inspiration

Question 22

what is expiratory reserve volume

Answer 22

the volume of air that remains in the lungs following expiration

Question 23

what is tidal volume

Answer 23

the amount of air inspired or expired in 1 breath

Question 24

what is total lung capacity

Answer 24

the complete volume of air present in the lungs after maximal inspiration

Question 25

what is minute ventilation

Answer 25

the volume of air inspired or expired per minute

Question 26

what is residual volume

Answer 26

the amount of air that remains in the lungs after after a maximal expiration

Question 27

how to work out functional residual capacity

Answer 27

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

Question 28

how to work out minute ventillation

Answer 28

tidal volume x breathing rate

Question 29

how do gases move

Answer 29

- gases exert pressure (mmhg) mercury -atmospheric air (sea level) -exert pressure of 760mmhg

Question 30

what pressure does atmospheric air exert

Answer 30

760mmHg

Question 31

what is partial pressure

Answer 31

the pressure of a gas within a mixture of gases for example oxygen is worth 21% of the earths atmosphere so to work out partial pressure you do 21% of 760 decimal x pressure

Question 32

what is the effect on the partial pressure of oxygen as the air reaches the alveoli

Answer 32

partial pressure reduced from 160mmHg to 105mmHg as it has been mixing with the dirty air from the residual volume and the expiratory resolve volume

Question 33

diffusion of O2 what is the PO2 in the alveoli and the alveolar capillaries

Answer 33

alveoli- 105mmHg alveolar capillaries-40mmHg however pressure attempts to equalise by moving from high to low diffusing across the membrane the result is that o2 moves from the alveoli into the capillaries

Question 34

how do you work out the pressure gradient

Answer 34

it's the different between 2 pressures

Question 35

diffusion of CO2 what is the pco2 in the alveoli and the alveolar capillaries

Answer 35

alveoli-40mmHg alveolar capillaries- 45mmHg the pressures will attempt to equalise moving from high to low diffusing across the membranes. the result is the CO2 moves from the capillaries into the alveoli

Question 36

what factors enable efficient diffusion

Answer 36

-slow flow of blood -thin capillary membrane -huge surface area - diffusion gradient

Question 37

what factors determine the partial pressure of any gas within a mixture of gases

Answer 37

-concentration of the individual gas -the total air pressure

Question 38

how does o2 diffuse across the alveolar capillary membrane

Answer 38

-pressure gradient exists -o2 will move into the capillary -movement from high to low -high pressure in alveoli and lower in capillary

Question 39

what significance does the size of the gradient have upon the speed of diffusion

Answer 39

the greater the gradient the greater the diffusion

Question 40

what challenges does the body have at altitude, what is the impact of breathing and o2 delivery

Answer 40

-altitude lowers total air pressure therefore PO2 will be lower in the alveoli -smaller gradient now exists between alveoli and capillary -this results in a slower diffusion of O2 in to blood and less O2 transfered