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Pe Brennan > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the respiratory systems function

A

to bring in air to the body from the external environment and to expel CO2 waste products from the body.

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2
Q

what is the function of the left/right bronchi

A

it distributes air

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3
Q

what is the function of tongue

A

it helps swallow

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4
Q

what is the function of the epiglotis

A

it ensures food diverts into the oesophagus

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5
Q

what is the larynx

A

voice box

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6
Q

what is the function of the trachea

A

it is the wind wipe

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7
Q

what is the function of the left /right lobe

A

it is the left/right lung

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8
Q

what is the function of the diaphragm

A

it contracts to put air into the lung

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9
Q

what is the function of the nasal passage

A

it humidifies

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10
Q

what is the pharynx

A

the throat

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11
Q

what is the function of the nose

A

it warms and filters the air before it goes in

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12
Q

what is the breathing anatomy

A
  • the nose filters and warms the air with a mucus membrane and hairs (cilia)
  • the pharynx- the throat
  • the larynx is the voice box and meets the trachea
  • epiglottis ensures that food is diverted into the oesophagus and not the trachea
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13
Q

what happens as the diaphragm contracts

A

the volume in the lobes increase so pressure decreases so air will move from the external environment where there is higher pressure to the lungs.

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14
Q

where does blood flow the slowest and why is this helpful

A

blood flows slowest in the capillaries which is helpful for gas exchange so if it wasn’t flowing slow exchanging couldn’t be done properly.

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15
Q

explain the mechanics that support breathing and the importance of a airtight pleural cavity

A

during inspiration
1. the diaphragm contracts and flattens
2. pleural cavity increases in volume causing pressure inside to lower
3. the pressure exists and goes to a high to low movement
4. air moves into the lungs

during expiration
1. the diaphragm relaxes
2. pleural cavity decreases in volume
causing pressure inside to increase
4. the pressure gradient exists and goes to a high to low movement
5. air moves out of the lungs

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16
Q

intercostal muscles have what

A

internal is for respiration and external is for inspiration

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17
Q

what do external intercostals do

A

they pull the ribs together raising the rib cage for inspiration

18
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A

the process by which ambient air is brought into and exchanged with air in the lungs

19
Q

what is the size of lung volume

A

4-6 litres

20
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume

A

following inspiration the amount of air that you could continue to inspire if required

21
Q

what is vital capacity

A

the maximum volume forcingly expired following a maximum inspiration

22
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume

A

the volume of air that remains in the lungs following expiration

23
Q

what is tidal volume

A

the amount of air inspired or expired in 1 breath

24
Q

what is total lung capacity

A

the complete volume of air present in the lungs after maximal inspiration

25
Q

what is minute ventilation

A

the volume of air inspired or expired per minute

26
Q

what is residual volume

A

the amount of air that remains in the lungs after after a maximal expiration

27
Q

how to work out functional residual capacity

A

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

28
Q

how to work out minute ventillation

A

tidal volume x breathing rate

29
Q

how do gases move

A
  • gases exert pressure (mmhg) mercury
    -atmospheric air (sea level)
    -exert pressure of 760mmhg
30
Q

what pressure does atmospheric air exert

A

760mmHg

31
Q

what is partial pressure

A

the pressure of a gas within a mixture of gases
for example oxygen is worth 21% of the earths atmosphere so to work out partial pressure you do 21% of 760
decimal x pressure

32
Q

what is the effect on the partial pressure of oxygen as the air reaches the alveoli

A

partial pressure reduced from 160mmHg to 105mmHg as it has been mixing with the dirty air from the residual volume and the expiratory resolve volume

33
Q

diffusion of O2 what is the PO2 in the alveoli and the alveolar capillaries

A

alveoli- 105mmHg
alveolar capillaries-40mmHg
however pressure attempts to equalise by moving from high to low diffusing across the membrane

the result is that o2 moves from the alveoli into the capillaries

34
Q

how do you work out the pressure gradient

A

it’s the different between 2 pressures

35
Q

diffusion of CO2
what is the pco2 in the alveoli and the alveolar capillaries

A

alveoli-40mmHg
alveolar capillaries- 45mmHg

the pressures will attempt to equalise moving from high to low diffusing across the membranes.

the result is the CO2 moves from the capillaries into the alveoli

36
Q

what factors enable efficient diffusion

A

-slow flow of blood
-thin capillary membrane
-huge surface area
- diffusion gradient

37
Q

what factors determine the partial pressure of any gas within a mixture of gases

A

-concentration of the individual gas
-the total air pressure

38
Q

how does o2 diffuse across the alveolar capillary membrane

A

-pressure gradient exists
-o2 will move into the capillary
-movement from high to low
-high pressure in alveoli and lower in capillary

39
Q

what significance does the size of the gradient have upon the speed of diffusion

A

the greater the gradient the greater the diffusion

40
Q

what challenges does the body have at altitude, what is the impact of breathing and o2 delivery

A

-altitude lowers total air pressure therefore PO2 will be lower in the alveoli
-smaller gradient now exists between alveoli and capillary
-this results in a slower diffusion of O2 in to blood and less O2 transfered

Pe Brennan (8 decks)

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