movement Flashcards
what are the 4 major functions of the skeletal system
- structure
- protection
- movement
- rbc production
what is the skeletal system
it’s made up of 206 bones which are all joined together by ligaments providing a framework of support. it ensures the body can stand erect and maintain its posture as well as providing protection for vital organs.
what 2 sections can the skeleton system be divided into
the axial and appendicular skeletons. the axial consists of the bones that form the head, neck, trunk and houses the vertebral column rib cage and sternum and the appendicular skeleton consists of the shoulder girdle with the bones of the arms and the hands as well as the hip girdle with the bones of the leg and feet.
what is a joint
where 2 + bones meet and is the only place in the body where movement takes place.
types
fixed e.g cranium
slightly moveable- vertebrae
synovial
what is a ligament
a tough fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another.
what features are in synovial joints
joint capsule- a tough connective tissue surrounding and encasing bones of the joint
joint cavity- filled with synovial fluid helping to lubricate the joint
synovial membrane- what lines the inside of the joint capsule and secretes the synovial fluid
articular cartilage- a smooth slippery cartilage covering the ends of the articulating bones preventing friction and wear and tear.
what are types of synovial joints ?
ball and socket joint- these offer the widest range of movement, head of the bone fits in the cup shaped cavity of another, movement occurs in all 3 planes e.g shoulder and hip joints.
hinge joint- these offer back and forth movement in 1 plane, e.g knee and elbow joint
pivot joint- allow rotational movement in 1 plane, the structure involve the head of the bone articulating in a deep depression of a second bone, e.g radio ulnar joint and between the atlas and axis vertebrae.
gliding joint- these offer movement in 2 planes back and forth and side to side movement, occur where articulating bones have flat surfaces that can slide past eachother. e.g. between carpal bones of the wrist.
saddle joint- permits side to side and back and forth. 2 saddle shaped articulating surfaces of adjacent bones fit together at right angles allowing movement in 2 planes e.g. thumb
condyloid joint- similar to hinge joint but also have side to side movement. bony projections of 1 bone articulate with hollow depressions of another e.g. radio carpal joint.
what are the planes of the body
sagittal= divides the body vertically into the left and right sides
frontal= divides the body vertically into front and back sections.
transverse- plande divides body into top and bottom halves and run horizontally parallel to the ground.
what are the movements in the sagittal plane
flexion
extension
plantar flexion
dorsiflexion
what is flexion
a decrease in angle between the bones of a joint
what is extension
increase in angle between the bones of a joint
what is plantar flexion
pointing of the toes
what is dorsi flexion
decrease in angle between the tibia and the foot.
what are the movements in the frontal plane
abduction
adduction
lateral flexion
inversion
eversion
elevation
depression
what is abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
what is adduction
movement towards the midline of the body
what is lateral flexion
movement of the head or trunk sideways away from the midline of the body
what is inversion
adduction of the foot
what is eversion
abduction of the foot
what is elevation
movement of the scapula upwards
what is depression
movement of the scapula downwards
movement in the transverse plane
rotation
pronation
horizontal abduction
horizontal adduction
circumduction
Supination
what is rotation
when a bone moves about it’s longitudinal axis medial and lateral
what is pronation
medial rotation at the radio ulnar joint
what is supination
lateral rotation at radio ulna joint
what is horizontal abduction
shoulder flexion moved away from the midline
what is horizontal adduction
shoulder flexion moved towards the midline
what is circumduction
when the distal end of a body part can describe a circle
what are the 3 muscle types
-cardiac (involuntary) e.g. heart
-smooth(involuntary) e.g. vessels, bladder and intestines
-skeletal (voluntary)
all muscles are involved with movement
main ideas of the skeltal muscle
they attach to bones via the tendon
top bit of the tendon is called the origin and it doesn’t move and the bottom bit of the tendon is the insertion which does move.
what is agonist and antagonist muscles
as muscles work in pairs movement is committed and the pair that’s contracting is the prime mover which is the agonist while the relaxer is the antagonist.
what are the 3 types of muscle contraction
concentric- the muscles contracts and shorten (dumbbell arm curl)
eccentric- the muscle contracts and lengthens (bicep curl)
isometric- the muscle contracts and the length remains the same (holding a bar bell at arms length)
what are the 3 components of the lever system
the effort- in the body this will be the contracting muscle
the fulcrum- in the body this will be the joint
the load- this will either be the weight of the lever system or the object trying to move it.
how to work out the effort arm and the load arm
effort arm is the difference between the effort and the fulcrum, load arm is the difference between the fulcrum and the load
what’s a rule on the lever sytem
if the effort arm is longer than the load arm there’s an amplification of force but if the load arm is longer than the effort arm there’s an amplification of movement/speed.
this therefore means the 3rd class can’t amplify force and the 2nd class can’t amplify movement
123- FLE what is in middle
first class- fulcrum in middle
2nd class- load in middle
3rd class- effort arm in middle
what is biomechanics
the study of how the body moves how it applies force to itself and other objects it comes in contact with.
in sport when is force generated
- by friction
- gravity
- air resistance
- other objects
what is newtons 1st law
law of motion.
involves the idea of inertia which is an objects reluctance to change motion.
a high mass mean high inertia.
it states everybody at rest or moving at constant velocity in a straight line will continue in state unless is compelled o change by an external force exerted upon it.
e.g. if a football is kicked it will travel in a straight line at the same velocity unless a force is applied
newtons second law
this is the law of acceleration.
it says that the acceleration of a body is proportional to a force causing it and the acceleration takes place in the direction the force acts.
for example if you punch hard it hurts if you punch less it doesn’t hurt as much.
F=MA
newtons third law
this is known as the law of action and reaction.
when a object exerts a force on another object there’s a force equal in magnitude but opposite in direction exerted by the second object on the 1st.
e.g. when you push open a door it exerts the same force on each side.
what is the centre of gravity
the centre of mass and the point which gravity acts
what is stability
an object will be in stable equilibrium when it returns to it’s original position after given a small displacement.
it occurs when the centre of gravity stays within the base of support
when does an object become unstable
when it’s centre of gravity falls outside of the objects base.
