movement

Question 1

what are the 4 major functions of the skeletal system

Answer 1

• structure
• protection
• movement
• rbc production

Question 2

what is the skeletal system

Answer 2

it’s made up of 206 bones which are all joined together by ligaments providing a framework of support. it ensures the body can stand erect and maintain its posture as well as providing protection for vital organs.

Question 3

what 2 sections can the skeleton system be divided into

Answer 3

the axial and appendicular skeletons. the axial consists of the bones that form the head, neck, trunk and houses the vertebral column rib cage and sternum and the appendicular skeleton consists of the shoulder girdle with the bones of the arms and the hands as well as the hip girdle with the bones of the leg and feet.

Question 4

what is a joint

Answer 4

where 2 + bones meet and is the only place in the body where movement takes place.
types
fixed e.g cranium
slightly moveable- vertebrae
synovial

Question 5

what is a ligament

Answer 5

a tough fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another.

Question 6

what features are in synovial joints

Answer 6

joint capsule- a tough connective tissue surrounding and encasing bones of the joint
joint cavity- filled with synovial fluid helping to lubricate the joint
synovial membrane- what lines the inside of the joint capsule and secretes the synovial fluid
articular cartilage- a smooth slippery cartilage covering the ends of the articulating bones preventing friction and wear and tear.

Question 7

what are types of synovial joints ?

Answer 7

ball and socket joint- these offer the widest range of movement, head of the bone fits in the cup shaped cavity of another, movement occurs in all 3 planes e.g shoulder and hip joints.

hinge joint- these offer back and forth movement in 1 plane, e.g knee and elbow joint

pivot joint- allow rotational movement in 1 plane, the structure involve the head of the bone articulating in a deep depression of a second bone, e.g radio ulnar joint and between the atlas and axis vertebrae.

gliding joint- these offer movement in 2 planes back and forth and side to side movement, occur where articulating bones have flat surfaces that can slide past eachother. e.g. between carpal bones of the wrist.

saddle joint- permits side to side and back and forth. 2 saddle shaped articulating surfaces of adjacent bones fit together at right angles allowing movement in 2 planes e.g. thumb

condyloid joint- similar to hinge joint but also have side to side movement. bony projections of 1 bone articulate with hollow depressions of another e.g. radio carpal joint.

Question 8

what are the planes of the body

Answer 8

sagittal= divides the body vertically into the left and right sides
frontal= divides the body vertically into front and back sections.
transverse- plande divides body into top and bottom halves and run horizontally parallel to the ground.

Question 9

what are the movements in the sagittal plane

Answer 9

flexion
extension
plantar flexion
dorsiflexion

Question 10

what is flexion

Answer 10

a decrease in angle between the bones of a joint

Question 11

what is extension

Answer 11

increase in angle between the bones of a joint

Question 12

what is plantar flexion

Answer 12

pointing of the toes

Question 13

what is dorsi flexion

Answer 13

decrease in angle between the tibia and the foot.

Question 14

what are the movements in the frontal plane

Answer 14

abduction
adduction
lateral flexion
inversion
eversion
elevation
depression

Question 15

what is abduction

Answer 15

movement away from the midline of the body

Question 16

what is adduction

Answer 16

movement towards the midline of the body

Question 17

what is lateral flexion

Answer 17

movement of the head or trunk sideways away from the midline of the body

Question 18

what is inversion

Answer 18

adduction of the foot

Question 19

what is eversion

Answer 19

abduction of the foot

Question 20

what is elevation

Answer 20

movement of the scapula upwards

Question 21

what is depression

Answer 21

movement of the scapula downwards

Question 22

movement in the transverse plane

Answer 22

rotation
pronation
horizontal abduction
horizontal adduction
circumduction

Question 23

what is rotation

Answer 23

when a bone moves about it’s longitudinal axis medial and lateral

Question 24

what is pronation

Answer 24

medial rotation at the radio ulnar joint

Question 25

what is supination

Answer 25

lateral rotation at radio ulna joint

Question 26

what is horizontal abduction

Answer 26

shoulder flexion moved away from the midline

Question 27

what is horizontal adduction

Answer 27

shoulder flexion moved towards the midline

Question 28

what is circumduction

Answer 28

when the distal end of a body part can describe a circle

Question 29

what are the 3 muscle types

Answer 29

-cardiac (involuntary) e.g. heart
-smooth(involuntary) e.g. vessels, bladder and intestines
-skeletal (voluntary)
all muscles are involved with movement

Question 30

main ideas of the skeltal muscle

Answer 30

they attach to bones via the tendon
top bit of the tendon is called the origin and it doesn’t move and the bottom bit of the tendon is the insertion which does move.

Question 31

what is agonist and antagonist muscles

Answer 31

as muscles work in pairs movement is committed and the pair that’s contracting is the prime mover which is the agonist while the relaxer is the antagonist.

Question 32

what are the 3 types of muscle contraction

Answer 32

concentric- the muscles contracts and shorten (dumbbell arm curl)
eccentric- the muscle contracts and lengthens (bicep curl)
isometric- the muscle contracts and the length remains the same (holding a bar bell at arms length)

Question 33

what are the 3 components of the lever system

Answer 33

the effort- in the body this will be the contracting muscle
the fulcrum- in the body this will be the joint
the load- this will either be the weight of the lever system or the object trying to move it.

Question 34

how to work out the effort arm and the load arm

Answer 34

effort arm is the difference between the effort and the fulcrum, load arm is the difference between the fulcrum and the load

Question 35

what’s a rule on the lever sytem

Answer 35

if the effort arm is longer than the load arm there’s an amplification of force but if the load arm is longer than the effort arm there’s an amplification of movement/speed.

this therefore means the 3rd class can’t amplify force and the 2nd class can’t amplify movement

123- FLE what is in middle

first class- fulcrum in middle
2nd class- load in middle
3rd class- effort arm in middle

Question 36

what is biomechanics

Answer 36

the study of how the body moves how it applies force to itself and other objects it comes in contact with.

Question 37

in sport when is force generated

Answer 37

• by friction
• gravity
• air resistance
• other objects

Question 38

what is newtons 1st law

Answer 38

law of motion.
involves the idea of inertia which is an objects reluctance to change motion.
a high mass mean high inertia.
it states everybody at rest or moving at constant velocity in a straight line will continue in state unless is compelled o change by an external force exerted upon it.

e.g. if a football is kicked it will travel in a straight line at the same velocity unless a force is applied

Question 39

newtons second law

Answer 39

this is the law of acceleration.
it says that the acceleration of a body is proportional to a force causing it and the acceleration takes place in the direction the force acts.
for example if you punch hard it hurts if you punch less it doesn’t hurt as much.

F=MA

Question 40

newtons third law

Answer 40

this is known as the law of action and reaction.

when a object exerts a force on another object there’s a force equal in magnitude but opposite in direction exerted by the second object on the 1st.

e.g. when you push open a door it exerts the same force on each side.

Question 41

what is the centre of gravity

Answer 41

the centre of mass and the point which gravity acts

Question 42

what is stability

Answer 42

an object will be in stable equilibrium when it returns to it’s original position after given a small displacement.

it occurs when the centre of gravity stays within the base of support

Question 43

when does an object become unstable

Answer 43

when it’s centre of gravity falls outside of the objects base.