Injury Flashcards
How many types of injury classifications are there
3 and these are…
Whether it is acute or chronic
By tissue
By diagnosis
Injury classification (acute and chronic)
Acute- happen in the moment
Chronic- slow sustained development culminating in inflammation
Injury classification by tissue
Hard tissue- bone
Soft tissue- muscle, ligament, tendon, cartilage
What are common symptoms of soft tissue injuries
- pain
- lack of movement
- swelling
- heat
Injury classification by diagnosis
Open- skin is broken and is usually bleeding
Closed- the skin remains intact
What is the difference between a fracture and a break
They are the same but different language is used
What is a fracture
It is caused by external forces such as a fall…
It can be open and closed
What are the 2 types of fractures and what are they
Compound fracture-
This is a break which is open where the bone penetrates the skin
Closed simple fracture-
A clean internal break to the bone
What is a green stick fracture
This is a partial break to the bone
What is dislocation
Where bones at a joint are forced out of its normal position
Soft tissue injury (muscle) strain
-Strain is a muscle torn due to overloading (lengthening)
- this is caused by an ineffective warm up or stretchy
Soft tissue injury (ligament) Sprain
This is a torn ligament due to a twisting at a joint e.g. twisted ankle
Caused by a fall or misplaced footing, loss of balance
An example of this is ACL- anterior cruciate ligament strain
Soft tissue injury (ligament) categories
Grade 1- mild damage where the joint remains stable
Grade 2- ligament has stretched where there is a partial tear and the joint is loose’
Grade 3- there is a complete tear (rupture)
Soft tissue injury (tendon) tendon tear
This is a complete or partial tear of the tendon
And this is caused by a excessive force whilst the muscle is lengthening
Tennis elbow (chronic injury)
This is known as a condition called lateral epicondylitis
It is the inflammation of extensor forearm muscle origins causing lateral elbow and upper forearm pain and tenderness.
It is caused by respective stress at the muscle tendon junction and its origin at the lateral epicondyle
Golfers elbow (chronic injury)
This is the inflammation of flexor forearm muscles causing medial elbow pain
It is caused by repetitive stress at the muscle tendon junction and its origin at the medial epicondyle
Tests for tennis elbow
Mills test-
- straighten the patients arm and palpate the lateral epicondyle
- fully bend the wrist
- pronate the patients forearm
- if this is painful the test is positive
Cozens test
- elbow in 90 degree of flexion, patient makes a fist and deviates wrist radially with forearm pronated
- resisted extension of the wrist
- pain in the area of lateral epicondyle is a positive result
Shin splints
-This is a term used to describe pain in the tibia brought on by exercise or athletic activity.
-Most commonly it refers to medial tibial stress or periostitis which is the inflammation of the lining of the bone
-It is caused by overuse from repetitive activity which leads to breakdown of the tissues
- continued activity over activity leads to inflammation of the periosteum and the tendon insertions into the bone and its lining
- this breakdown exceeds the ability of the tendon and periosteum to heal completely which results in injury, more inflammation and pain
What are the stages of injury
Inflamatory phase-
- this is up to 72 hours
- trauma is bleeding and swelling
- use ice within the first 72 hours then use heat after
Proliferation phase-
- the laying down of new tissue (scar tissue)
-up to 8 weeks (use heat)
Remodeling phase-
- maturation of scar tissue (strength and extensibility)
- up to 1 year or longer
Injury treatment and rehab -the police principle
This procedure was an action to take after sudden injury such as a ligament sprain or a muscle strain. It is seen as a simple method to try after an acute injury.
Protection- this is used after the first few days after an injury where you should rest the injured joint, ligament or muscle and as a few days go by motion can be started where assistance may be needed such as a crutch
Optimum loading- this is where gentle motion begins which can then promote a healing process and prevent the delays in returning to normal for example after an injury you should be able to rest for a few days to advance on to a passive/active ROM.
Ice- applying this may help reduce the swelling around your injured muscle or joint and it can help decrease the acute pain you may be experiencing
Compression- while applying ice this can be added using a ACE bandage but also can be done using ice tape to cool and compress the injury
Elevation- it is simple for some body parts e.g. an injured ankle or knee can be placed on a stack of pillows while lying down however an injury to your elbow or wrist requires you elevate your whole arm on to something.
Injury and rehabilitation- contemporary treatments (physiotherapy)
This is a branch of medicine that remediates impairments and promotes mobility and function
Injury and rehabilitation- contemporary treatments cryotherapy
- This is the use of cold temperatures to treat injuries
Benefits
- it decreases metabolic activity and it slows down physiological processes
- there is less pain (analgesic) as the nerve activity is slowed down
- it reduced swelling and tissue breakdown
- constricting of blood vessels during the cold phase and it flushes waste products like lactic acid out of the affected tissues in the warm phase
Good for…
- soft tissue
- wrist
- knees
- ankles
Injury and rehabilitation- contemporary treatments hydrotherapy water based therapy
-Water based training minimizes the impact on joint, muscles and other connective tissues
Benefits
- it can facilitate optimal loading
- can maintain cv fitness without exposing damaged tissues to further trauma
- minimizes the impact on joints, muscles and other connective tissues
- water can create resistance (intensity) to movement
Good for…
- joint
- muscle
- connective tissues
Injury and rehabilitation- contemporary treatments ultrasound
-This is acoustic sound waves that generate mechanical disruption of deep tissue
- a gel is used on the surface of the skin to reduce friction
- it was very popular a decade ago but its used more sparingly now
Benefits-
- acts as a pro inflammatory process which stimulates white blood cell activity
- it can increase the extensibility of tissues which through injury scarring can incur reduced mobility
- it speeds up recovery
Good for all injuries
Injury and rehabilitation- contemporary treatments massage
This is the applying of mechanical pressure to soft tissues and it is believed to result in a decrease of muscle stiffness.
Benefits-
- improved blood flow
- increase in muscle temperature
- reduces heart rate
Injury and rehabilitation- contemporary treatments electrostimulation
-This is where electrodes are placed on the skin and emit a current which triggers the muscle to contract
- its placed around nerve sites that can impact the sensation of pain
Benefits-
- it offers pain relief
- it assists muscular recovery
- can be used as a form of training to support overload
Tens- transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
- more of a pain reliever
- has a vibration feel where it follows the same pathway as the pain pathway so it cancels it out and the pain your feeling isn’t going up the brain the vibration does
- you most of the time use 4 pads
- you put them in a cross pattern so the currents go where your hurting
- your not supposed to see a muscle contracting
Ems- electrical muscle stimulation
- used to help gain muscle back so it contracts it
- use 2 pads
- should see the muscle contract and relax
- it needs to be strong enough
- do an exercise while the pads on there while the stimulation occurs
Injury and rehabilitation- contemporary treatments hyperbaric chambers/o2 tents
-This the high pressure of o2 chambers and promotes recovery
-Research has found that increasing the po2 can promote increased healing
Benefits-
- 25x more o2 delivery to tissues
- it stimulates blood vessel growth
- it speeds up recovery (DOMS)
- it decreases swelling
Injury and rehabilitation- contemporary treatments heat therapy
This shouldn’t be used immediately following injury when bleeding/swelling is still active
Benefits-
-Blood flow increases
- hormone release
Injury and rehabilitation- contemporary treatments compression clothing
This is clothing that compresses the limb/skin
Benefits-
- increase venous return and vo2 max during exercise
- reduces swelling
- it increases heat protection
How to reduce the risk of injury
- protective equipment
- conditioning
- muscle balance
- technique
- managing risks
What is doms
-This stands for the delayed onset muscle soreness
-This is where some athletes experience pain anything from 24 hours- 48 hours after training
-most studies support the view that excessive eccentric muscle action seems to be the main cause of the soreness as during this contraction the fibers are put under stress and strain
It is a micro tear within the muscle (particularly after eccentric activity) and its where there is excessive lactate/h++ accumulation in the muscle
How to reduce DOMS
- cryotherapy (ice baths)
. This decreases metabolic activity and it slows down physiological processes, reduce swelling and tissue breakdown and constricts blood vessels during the cold phase and flushes waste products like lactic acid out of the affected tissues during the warm phase - cool down
- compression clothing
. It can increase venous return and vo2 max during exercise - massage
What is eimd
- Exercise induced muscle damage this happens during exercise
It refers to the structural damage and functional disruption that occurs in muscle fibers following intense or prolonged physical activity especially activities involving eccentric contractions
