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Pe Brennan > energy > Flashcards

energy Flashcards

1
Q

define respiration

A

the making of energy

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2
Q

what is obla and what does it stand for

A

this is the anaerobic threshold to aerobic- the point where there is not enough oxygen to remove lactate.
Onset
Blood
Lactate
Accumulation

it starts before vo2 max meaning anaerobic systems are turned on before aerobic max out

it happens at 60 % of a persons vo2 max in a healthy untrained subject but happens at 80% for highly trained.

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3
Q

what is ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate is located in the muscles and it is the energy currency of the cells and it contains 3 phosphrates in which are classed as high energy bonds.

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4
Q

what happens during the breakdown of ATP

A

a phosphate splits breaking off and leaves creating energy for a contraction. it leaves it as adrenaline diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate

it starts as adrenaline triphosphate (ATP) then it go to adrenaline diphosphate (ADP to + inorganic phosphate +P to producing energy.

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5
Q

how long does ATP last for ?

A

during max intensity exercise it can only sustain energy for 2-3 seconds so to continually create energy for muscular contraction it needs to be resynthesized for ATP to be reformed again from ADP

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6
Q

aerobic respiration equation

A

glucose + O2= energy +CO2+H20

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7
Q

anaerobic respiration equation

A

glucose + X= energy + lactate & H++

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8
Q

what are the 3 energy systems ?

A
  1. aerobic system
  2. atp-pc anaerobic system
  3. anaerobic glycotic system
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9
Q

what happens in the aerobic system

A
  1. glycogen gets converted in to glucose before it gets broken down in to pyruvic acid where glycolysis happens (this all takes place in the sarcoplasm of the cell)
  2. then it gets combined with O2 going to Acetyl COA then goes down to the mitochondria in to the citric acid due to the oxaloacetic which is needed to break glycogen down.
  3. if oxygen is present pyruvic acid combines with oxygen and enters the kreb cycle where the stages oxidation of citric acid, production of CO2 and resynthesise of ATP occurs and forms an electron transport chain.

this system can generate up to 38 mols of ATP from 1 mol of glucose

oxygen is still available

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10
Q

what is the ATP-PC anaerobic system ?

A
  1. phosphocreatine is stored within the muscle (pc)
  2. creatine and phosphate is broken
  3. PC becomes P + C via the enzyme creatine kinase
  4. the energy released when this chemical bond is broken is used to reform ADP + P to ATP
  5. this process is known as a coupled reaction since the energy released from the PC is coupled with the energy demands of ADP to reform ATP

the stores of pc in the muscles is enough to sustain effort for around 10 seconds.

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11
Q

what is the anaerobic glycotic system

A
  1. one molecule of glucose creates sufficient energy to resynthesize 3 moles of ATP
  2. however this process uses up energy so only 2 moles of ATP are actually reformed
  3. this is a very inefficient system as only 5% of the potential energy from the glucose is retrieved
  4. but as of the absence of O2 it is the only system after PC levels have diminished that can regenerate ATP
  5. lactate and hydrogen ions are produced

last over a minute
oxygen isn’t available

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12
Q

facts about each energy system

A

aerobic- can produce 38ATP
anaerobic glycotic- there’s no oxygen, creates acidity, last 1-3 minutes and can take 1 hour to recover
ATP-PC- 8-10 seconds, this process is known as the coupled reaction, creatine phosphates broken

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13
Q

anaerobic is

A

high intensity

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14
Q

aerobic is

A

low intensity

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15
Q

what is oxygen deficit caused by

A

it’s caused when you don’t get enough oxygen straight away. worked out by the difference between the O2 required for a given work rate and the O2 actually consumed

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16
Q

what fuels aerobic and anaerobic energy systems

A

-fat is stored in the adipose tissue in the form of triglycerides, some are also stored in the muscles and the blood too.
- the triglycerides break down and enter the krebs cycle where a lot of energy get’s released

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17
Q

is oxygen present in the systems

A

ATP-PC SYSTEM- NO
ANAEROBIC GLYCOTIC- NO
AEROBIC- YES

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18
Q

what fuel is used in the systems

A

ATP-PC- PC
ANAEROBIC GLYCOTIC- CARBOHYDRATE
AEROBIC- CARBOHYDRATE AND FAT

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19
Q

what are the bi products of the reaction in the systems

A

ATP-PC- ISOLATE PHOSPHATE AND CREATINE
ANAEROBIC GLYCOTIC- LACTATE AND HYDROGEN IONS
AEROBIC- CO2 AND H2O

20
Q

what is the energy yield in the systems

A

ATP-PC- 1ATP
ANAEROBIC GLYCOTIC- 2ATP
AEROBIC- 38 ATP (GLUCOSE)

21
Q

what is the duration of sustained atp resynthesis

A

ATP-PC- 10 SECONDS
ANAEROBIC GLYCOTIC- 1-3 MINS
AEROBIC- UNLIMITED DURING SUBMAXIMAL EXERCISEV

22
Q

what is the site of reaction in the sytems

A

ATP-PC- SARCOPLASM
ANAEROBIC GLYCOTIC- SARCOPLASM
AEROBIC- STAGE 1 SARCOPLASM STAGE 2 & 3 MITOCHONDRIA

23
Q

what is the active enzyme of the systems

A

ATP-PC- CREATINE KINASE
ANAEROBIC GLYCOTIC- PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE
AEROBIC- PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE & LIPASE

24
Q

what is beta oxidation

A

this is the breakdown of fat but it can’t be broken down without glucose as oxaloacetic acid is from there so lactic acid won’t be reached

25
Q

what is vo2 max

A

this is the maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up and utilized by the muscles per minute, an individuals vo2 max determines your endurance performance. metres per minute

26
Q

what tests exist to vo2 max

A

bleep test, cooper run, gas analysis

27
Q

what are the limiting factors that prevent the body from using more and more oxygen

A
  • heart rate will max out
  • stroke volume will only increase to a certain level
  • breathing rate will max out
  • tidal volume will max out
  • there’s a fixed number of mitochondria, RBC and myoglobin
28
Q

what is the difference between an indirect and direct test ?

A

indirect tests are a estimate and a direct test is directly measured.

29
Q

what is the gold standard direct test for vo2 max

A

cycle ergometry is the gold standard for vo2 max testing and it measures your inhaled and exhaled oxygen during maximal exercise

30
Q

when submaximal exercise begins from a resting position why may all 3 energy nechanisms operate ?

A

the energy needs during submaximal exercise can be catered for entirely by the aerobic system. increased O2 supply can be provided by both the cardiovascular and respiratory systems which can both increase their contribution when required. but when exrcise first begins there is a sharp step change in intensiy and O2 requirements raise sharply. heart rate, breathing rate and depth and blood redistribution all take time to gear up to this change in O2 need. during this period the body incurs and O2 deficit where O2 supply isn’t sufficient so a quantity of anaerobic respiration is required. this is supported by both the ATP-PC system and the anaerobic glycotic system until the aerobic system can gear up and supply once again to meet demand.

31
Q

what is the energy continuum

A

continual movement between and combining energy systems.

32
Q

what does epoc stand for

A

Excess Post exercise Oxygen Consumption

33
Q

what is oxygen dept

A

this is the amount of O2 consumed during recovery above which normally would’ve been consumed at rest at the same period of time.

it is used to compensate for the deficit

34
Q

what oxygen is used to restore phosphocreatine

A

alactacid debt and it takes approximately 2-3 minutes to resynthesise it. it is a rapid process which involves the conversion of ADP to ATP, this is achieved by using the aerobic system where ATP and PC stores are replenished

35
Q

what oxygen is used to remove lactic acid from the muscles (lactate HOH)

A

lactacid debt- this process takes approximately 1 hour but it can be accelerated by undertaking a cool down or some form of exercise recovery.

36
Q

when lactic acid gets oxidised what does it go to

A

CO2 and H2O-65%
glycogen- 20%
protein-10%
glucose-5%

37
Q

what are epocs 2 depts

A

alactic lactacid
-fast -slow
-2-3mins -1 hour
-pc -glycotic

38
Q

what are exercises recovery

A

this involves the idea of the protein and carbohydrate window.
protein has a 48 hour window opportunity however carbohydrates have a 2 hour window opportunity.

39
Q

what is the window of opportunity

A

this is the time immediately following exercise when your body is extra responsive to nutrition.

40
Q

what happens when restoring muscle glycogen stores

A

during exercise glycogen is getting depleted. the repletion of muscle glycogen is a long process and can take up to 2 days so by refuelling with a high carb meal within the 2 hours of exercise will speed up the process.

41
Q

what is carbs 2 hour window

A

this states within the 2 hours of exercise a high carb meal should be taken.

it triggers the activation of the enzyme that stimulates the production of glycogen, although it can be formed and stored long after exercise it’s said to happen most quickly at this time. this is vital for loading muscles and the liver e.g. eimd and doms. the muscle membrane becomes more permeable which allows needed nutrients to flow in more easily as well as the body cells becoming more sesnitvie to insulin which acts as a key unlocking the door allowing glucose to enter.

42
Q

what is the proteins 48 hour window (growth and repair)

A

protein synthesis is increased after exercise but only for a limitted time so it needs to be made most of. it’s said the increase tends to last 24-48 hours as long as your body gets provided with enough amino acids.

so after a good training session it might mean its wasted if you don’t eat properly for 24-48 hours

43
Q

define thermoregulation

A

this is the temperature regulation and cooling

44
Q

examine how the slow component of recovery returns the body to homeostasis

A

the oxidation of lactate and the replenishment of energy stores and the 2 hour window of opportunity, the 48 hour window opportunity, exercise induced muscle damage and delayed onset muscular soreness all occur in the slow component. eating carbohydrate based foods in the period of 48 hours and remaking glycogen and protein all take time. the effect of training eimd and doms need to be considered.

45
Q

what is the effect of lactate and hydrogen ions on the body

A
  1. it goes into the blood
  2. the body can’t maintain the same level of intense
  3. your body forces you to take a break before lactic acid levels become dangerous
  4. halt muscle function
  5. slow down enzyme activity
46
Q

what does bicarbonate buffering

A

this removes the lactate and neutralises the acidity allowing you to perform for longer periods however it can cause bloating and sickness

47
Q

what is the priming effect

A

it states that if yuo start running at a hard pace with no warm up it takes a while for yuor body to adjust and start delivering oxygen to your muscles at it’s max possible rate, a good warm up will get the ramp up process over with and therefore allows your body to deliver more oxygen to the muscles from the start of the race/workout reducing the temporary oxygen debt.

Pe Brennan (8 decks)

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