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Pe Brennan > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what is in the heart

A

left atrium
right atrium
left ventricle
right ventricle
aorta
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
vena cava
tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve
semi lunar valve

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2
Q

what are the 2 circuits

A

pulmonary circuit- where blood goes from the heart —- lungs—-heart (right side)

systemic circuit- where the blood goes from the heart—-body—-heart (left side bigger pump)

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3
Q

explain what this means- the heart is 2 pumps working as 1

A

there is 2 sides of the heart which both vitalize in specific circuits and functions.

there’s 2 pumps one on the left and one on the right and which there seperated by a septum.

the right side pumps blood to the lungs (pulmonary circuit? and the left side pumps blood to the body (systemic circuit).

however they both contract in unison.

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4
Q

why is cardiac muscle classed as involuntary

A

because it’s myogenic meaning it can stimulate it’s own impulses and it doesn’t require stimulation from the brain.

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5
Q

what are the stages of contraction in the heart

A
  1. conduction of the heart begins with an electrical impulse in the sinoatrial node.
  2. this spreads over the walls of both atria causing them to contract together
  3. the impulse then reaches the atrioventricular node which will hold it temporarily this delay allows both atria’s to contract fully.
  4. the impulse then continues passing via the bundle of his, down the septum wall and then spreads throughout the purkinje fibres
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6
Q

what 2 words are involved with the idea of contraction

A

systole- contraction
diastole- relaxation

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7
Q

what is one complete beat of the heart called

A

the cardiac cycle (0.8seconds)

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8
Q

what is the cardiac cycle stages

A

atrial systrole
ventricle systole 0.3 sec

atrial diastole
ventricle diastole 0.5sec

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9
Q

define stroke volume

A

the amount of blood leaving the heart during one contraction

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10
Q

define heart rate

A

the number of beats per minute

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11
Q

define cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute

stroke volume x heart rate

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12
Q

define bradycardia

A

when resting heart rate is less than 60

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13
Q

how to calcuate moment

A

force x arm (distance m)

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14
Q

identify the process by which cardiac muscles stimulated to contract ?

A
  1. a electrical impulse travels down from the sino atrial node to the av node.
  2. this causes the atrial walls to contract (systole).
  3. the av node conducts the impulse through the bundle of his to the branched network of purkinje fibres.
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15
Q

where is the cardiac control centre

A

in the medulla oblongata in the brain

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16
Q

what is in the cardiac control centre

A
  1. chemoreceptors- chemicals
  2. baroreceptors- blood pressure
  3. proprioceptors- movement

there is also temperature which is intrinsic and adrenaline which is hormonal.

there is also 2 nerves the cardiac accelerator nerve and the vagus nerve.

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17
Q

what are the 2 aspects to the cardiac control centre

A
  1. sympathetic nervous system
  2. parasympathetic nervous system
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18
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system

A

it is responsible for increasing heart rate via the cardiac accelerator nerve

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19
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system

A

this is responsible for decreasing heart rate via the vagus nerve.

20
Q

what 3 reasons explain the short term increase in stroke volume during exercise

A
  1. increased venous return- this is the volume of blood returning to the right atrium increasing in speed, the more blood returned the more blood goes back to the heart.
  2. elasticity of the cardiac fibres- high venous return causes a stretch upon the heart walls, its like a rubber band the more you stretch it the greater the force of contraction.
  3. contractibility of cardiac tissue- the heart contracts more powerfully, ejecting more blood than normal.
21
Q

why does your heart rate change

A

the energy needed is increased so more oxygen is needed to support aerobic respiration.

22
Q

what are the vessels of the circulatory system ?

A
  1. artery- transport blood away from the heart
  2. capillaries- allow the diffusion of gases within the lungs/muscle tissue
    3.veins- transport blood towards the heart.
23
Q

explain arteries

A

-they transport blood away from the heart.
-walls are made up of a thick, elastic, muscular wall to withstand high pressures
-arterioles can then use this muscle to contract and vasodilate/vasoconstrict to divert the blood flow

24
Q

what is vasodilation

A

vasodilations process is the widening of blood vessels due to the relaxation of the smooth muscle in vessel walls. it helps deliver oxygen and tissues efficiently.

25
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

its a response to temperature. it’s process is the narrowing of blood vessels due to a contraction of smooth muscle in the vessel walls.

caused by stress or cold.

26
Q

what can vasoconstriction lead too

A

a decreased blood flow in body parts leading to pain.

27
Q

what is sphincter muscles

A

they are circular muscles which are found in the digestive system and the blood vessels. it’s responsible for controlling constriction and dilation of specific vessels and they maintain blood flow balance through the body.

28
Q

explain capillaries

A

-they allow the diffusion of gases within the lungs/muscle tissue
-there 1 cell thick
-blood flow is very slow

29
Q

explain veins

A

-they transport blood towards the heart
-blood pressure is much lower

30
Q

what assists the return of blood to the heart

A

-valves
-muscular pump known as venous return

31
Q

what causes the blood returning to the heart to suffer resistance more than the blood leaving the heart

A
  1. blood pressure is lower in the veins
  2. gravity
32
Q

what mechanisms help improve venous return

A
  1. valves
  2. skeletal muscle pump
  3. respiratory pump
  4. smooth muscle within veins
33
Q

what is valves function

A

when venous return occurs the valves snap shut so that there is no back flow.

34
Q

what is the smooth muscle in veins function

A

they squeeze blood back towards the heart.

35
Q

what is the respiratory pump function

A

it pumps blood back to the heart and the pressure increases in the abdomen which compresses the vein and squeezes blood in the vein.

36
Q

what is the skeletal muscle pump function

A

its a collection that aids the heart in circulation of the blood and during contraction the veins are compressed which increases the blood pressure.

37
Q

during exercise why does blood flow to the skin and coronary vessels increase ?

A

exercise incurs heat generation, it can also be profound if the climate is warm too. heat regulation is also achieved by bringing blood to the surface of the skin to cool down so arterioles vasodilate to increase the flow. coronary vessels feed the cardiac muscles with O2 blood so heart rate will increase during exercise so O2 blood supply to the cardiac muscle must rise so that the coronary artery dilates.

38
Q

during exercise total blood flow increases compared during rest how is this achieved ?

A

the total blood flow of the body is reflective of cardiac output (the amount of blood leaving the heart per minute). during exercise this increases owing an increase in heart rate and a increase in stroke volume.

39
Q

why is venous return considered difficult for the body, what factors contribute to this challenge?

A

venous return is the flow of blood through the systemic veins back to the heart via the vena cava.

it can be a challenge due too
1- blood pressure being much lower in the veins
2. a large quantity of blood is below the heart and therefore has to go uphill against gravity.

40
Q

what is cardio vascular drift

A

it describes the changes or drift that occurs to heart rate after a bit of exercise without an increase in workload.

its characterized by a decrease in stroke volume due to dehydration due to the increase in internal temperature and a increase in heart rate to maintain cardiac output.

as you get dehydrated there’s less water in the blood so it gets thicker meaning viscus is high so heart rate increases.

41
Q

what are the long term effects of exercise

A
  1. hypertrophy- heart enlarges (cardiac hypertrophy)
  2. bradycardia- slow resting hr
  3. stroke volume increases
  4. rbc increases
  5. capillarisation- they get bigger so more gaseous exchange
42
Q

what are the short term effects of exercise

A
  1. anticipatory rise
  2. increase heart rate
  3. increase stroke volume
  4. increased venous return
43
Q

what are 4 components of the blood

A

plasma- liquid part of the blood
white blood cell- involved in the immune system
platelets- involved in blood clotting
red blood cell- carry oxygen

44
Q

what is vascular shunting

A

as exercise begins blood flow diverts away from digestive organs to the skeletal.

45
Q

what factos influence the fluid flow rate

A
  • pressure
  • vessel structure
  • total cross sectional area
46
Q

what is blood pressure measured in

A

mmHg

Pe Brennan (8 decks)

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