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ANAPHY LECTURE > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

include the
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and their
smaller branches, and the lungs

A

respiratory system

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2
Q

terminal air sacs

A

alveoli

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3
Q

Because gas exchange with the blood happens
only in the

A

alveoli

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4
Q

The passageways
from the nose to the larynx are called

A

upper respiratory tract

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5
Q

The passageways
from the trachea to the
alveoli are called

A

lower respiratory tract

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6
Q

These conducting passageways also purify, humidify, and
warm incoming air

A

upper and lower respiratory tract

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7
Q

is the only externally visible part of the respiratory system

A

nose

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8
Q

During breathing, air enters the nose by passing through the

A

nostrils, or nares.

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9
Q

The interior of the nose consists of the

A

nasal cavity

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10
Q

nasal cavity is divided by a midline called

A

nasal septum

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11
Q

for the sense of smell

A

olfactory receptors

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12
Q

The olfactory
receptors for the sense of smell are located in the

A

mucosa

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13
Q

in the mucosa in the slitlike superior part of the nasal cavity, just beneath the ethmoid bone this receptors located

A

olfactory receptors

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14
Q

The rest of the mucosa lining the nasal cavity, rests on a rich network of thin-walled veins that warms the air as it
flows past

A

respiratory mucosa

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15
Q

produced by this mucosa’s glands moistens the air and traps incoming bacteria and other foreign debris, and
lysozyme enzymes in the mucus destroy bacteria
chemically

A

sticky mucus

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16
Q

create a gentle current that moves the sheet of
contaminated mucus posteriorly toward the throat
(pharynx)

A

ciliated cells of the nasal mucosa

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17
Q

where it is swallowed and digested by
stomach juices

A

pharynx

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18
Q

these cilia become
sluggish, allowing mucus to accumulate in the
nasal cavity and to dribble outward through the
nostrils when the external temperature is

A

extremely cold

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19
Q

cilia become sluggish, mucus accumulate in the nasal cavity and dribble outward through the nostrils this explains

A

“runny” nose on a crisp

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20
Q

lateral walls of the nasal cavity are

A

uneven

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21
Q

three mucosa-covered projections, or lobes, greatly increase the surface area of the mucosa exposed to the air

A

conchae

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22
Q

increase the air turbulence in the nasal cavity

A

conchae

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23
Q

As the air swirls through the twists and turns, inhaled particles are deflected onto the

A

mucus-coated surfaces–where they are trapped
and prevented from reaching the lungs

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24
Q

nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity below by a partition

A

palate

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25
Q

Anteriorly, where the palate is supported by bone,
is the

A

hard palate

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26
Q

the palate is unsupported posterior partis the

A

soft palate

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27
Q

results in breathing difficulty as well as problems with oral cavity functions, such as nursing and speaking

A

cleft palate

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28
Q

The nasal cavity is surrounded by a ring of

A

paranasal sinuses

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29
Q

paranasal sinuses is located in the

A

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones.

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30
Q

Cold viruses and various allergens can cause inflammation of the nasal mucosa

A

rhinitis

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31
Q

lighten the skull and act as resonance chambers for speech

A

sinuses

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32
Q

which drain tears from the eyes, also empty into the nasal cavities

A

nasolacrimal duct

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33
Q

or sinus inflammation, is difficult to treat and can cause marked changes in voice quality

A

Sinusitis

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34
Q

localized over the inflamed area, cavity are blocked with mucus or infectious matter, the air in the sinus cavities is absorbed

A

sinus headache

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35
Q

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa that can cause cold viruses and various allergens

A

rhinitis

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36
Q

is a muscular passageway, that vaguely resembles a short length of red garden hose

A

pharynx

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37
Q

or sinus inflammation, is difficult to treat and can
cause marked changes in voice quality

A

Sinusitis

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38
Q

Commonly called the throat, common passageway for food and air

A

pharynx

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39
Q

pharynx is continuous with the nasal cavity anteriorly via the

A

posterior nasal aperture.

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40
Q

The pharynx has three regions

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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41
Q

Air enters the superior portion in this pharynx region

A

nasopharynx

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42
Q

air enters from the nasal cavity and then descends through this pharynx region

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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43
Q

air enter this pharynx region to enter the larynx below

A

laryngopharynx

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44
Q

Food enters the mouth, then travels along with air through the

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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45
Q

food is directed into the

A

esophagus

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46
Q

esophagus is posteriorly by a flap called the

A

epiglottis

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47
Q

which drain the middle ears, open into the nasopharynx

A

pharyngotympanic tubes

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48
Q

Clusters of lymphatic tissue are also found in the pharynx called

A

tonsils

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49
Q

The single pharyngeal tonsil, often called

A

adenoid

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50
Q

is located high in the nasopharynx

A

pharyngeal tonsil/adenoid

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51
Q

are in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate

A

two palatine tonsils

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52
Q

which lie at the base of the tongue

A

lingual tonsils

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53
Q

also play a role in protecting the body from infection

A

tonsils

54
Q

formed by eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage

A

larynx

55
Q

The largest of the hyaline cartilages is the shield-shaped

A

thyroid cartilage

56
Q

thyroid cartilage protrudes anteriorly and is commonly called the

A

Adam’s apple

57
Q

the nasopharynx and forces the person to breathe
through the mouth if pharyngeal tonsil becomes

A

inflamed and swollen

58
Q

mouth breathing, air is not
properly moistened, warmed, or filtered before
reaching the lungs causes

A

tonsillitis

59
Q

voice box, routes air and
food into the proper channels and plays a role in speech

A

larynx

60
Q

Located inferior to the pharynx

A

larynx

61
Q

a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage

A

epiglottis

62
Q

formed by eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage

A

larynx

63
Q

The largest of the hyaline cartilages is the shield-shaped

A

thyroid cartilage

64
Q

thyroid cartilage which protrudes anteriorly and is commonly called

A

Adam’s apple

65
Q

protects the superior opening of the larynx

A

thyroid cartilage

66
Q

during regular breathing, it allows the passage of air into the lower respiratory passages

A

epiglottis

67
Q

When we swallow food or
fluids, the situation changes dramatically; the larynx is pulled upward, and the epiglottis tips, forming a lid over the larynx’s opening

A

TRUE

68
Q

anything other than air enters the larynx, it is triggered to prevent
the substance from continuing into the lungs

A

cough reflex

69
Q

Part of the mucous membrane of the larynx forms a pair of folds, vibrate with expelled air called

A

vocal folds, or true vocal cords

70
Q

vibrate allows us to speak

A

ability of the vocal folds

71
Q

vocal folds and the slitlike passage way between them are called

A

glottis

72
Q

from the larynx travels down to the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra, which is approximately midchest, Air entering the

A

trachea

73
Q

The trachea is fairly rigid because its walls are reinforced with C-shaped rings of

A

hyaline cartilage

74
Q

abut or touch the esophagus and d allow it to expand anteriorly when we swallow a large piece of food

A

The open parts of the rings

75
Q

support the trachea walls and keep it patent, or open, in spite of the pressure changes that occur during breathing.

A

solid portions oof hyaline cartilage

76
Q

lies next to the esophagus and completes the wall of the trachea posteriorly.

A

trachealis muscle

77
Q

is the only way air can enter the lungs

A

trachea

78
Q

a procedure in which the air in a per son’s own lungs is used to “pop out,” or expel, an
obstructing piece of food, has saved many people
from becoming victims of choking

A

Heimlich maneuver

79
Q

(surgical opening of the trachea) is done to provide an alternative route for air to reach the lungs

A

emergency tracheostomy

80
Q

trachea is surrounded by this that produce mucus

A

goblet cell

81
Q

is lined with a ciliated mucosa

A

trachea

82
Q

without this coughing is the only means of preventing mucus from accumulating in the lungs

A

cilia

83
Q

are formed by the division of the trachea

A

right and left main (primary) bronchi

84
Q

runs obliquely before it plunges into the medial depression (hilum) of the lung on its own side

A

each main bronchus

85
Q

is wider, shorter, and straighter, more common site for an inhaled foreign object to become lodged.

A

right main bronchus

86
Q

it is warm, cleansed of most impurities, and humid by the time incoming air reaches the

A

bronchi

87
Q

smaller subdivisions of the main
bronchi within the lungs are direct routes to the

A

air sacs

88
Q

are fairly large organs, They occupy the entire thoracic cavity

A

lungs

89
Q

The lungs are fairly large organs. They occupy the entire thoracic cavity except for the most central area, the

A

mediastinum

90
Q

which houses the heart, the great blood vessels, bronchi, the esophagus, and other organs

A

mediastinum

91
Q

The narrow superior portion of each lung, is just deep to the clavicle

A

apex

92
Q

The broad lung area resting on the diaphragm is the

A

base

93
Q

Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures:

A

the left lung has two lobes, and the right lung has three

94
Q

The surface of each lung is covered with its own visceral serosa, called the

A

pulmonary pleura or visceral pleura

95
Q

the walls of the thoracic cavity are lined by the

A

parietal pleura

96
Q

The pleural membranes produce slippery serous fluid, which allows the lungs to
glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing
and causes the two pleural layers to cling together

A

pleural fluid

97
Q

can slide easily from side to side across one another, but they strongly resist being pulled apart

A

pleurae

98
Q

the lungs are held tightly to the

A

thorax wall

99
Q

is more of a potential space than an actual one

A

pleural space

100
Q

is absolutely essential for normal breathing

A

tight adherence of the pleural membranes

101
Q

can be caused by insufficient secretion of pleural
fluid.

A

Pleurisy

102
Q

After entering the lungs, the main bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches, finally ending in the smallest of the conducting passageways

A

bronchioles

103
Q

lead into respiratory
zone structures, even smaller conduits that eventually terminate in alveoli

A

terminal bronchioles

104
Q

which includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli, is the only site of gas exchange

A

respiratory zone

105
Q

that
serve as conduits to and from the respiratory zone.

A

conducting zone structures

106
Q

The balance of the lung tissue

is mainly elastic connective tissue that allows the lungs to stretch and recoil (spring back) as we breathe

A

stroma

107
Q

The walls of the alveoli are composed largely
of a single, thin layer of

A

simple squamous epithelial
cells

108
Q

connect neighboring air sacs and provide alternative routes for air to reach alveoli whose feeder bronchioles have been clogged by mucus or otherwise blocked

A

Alveolar pores

109
Q

The external surfaces of the
alveoli are covered with a

A

“cobweb” of pulmonary
capillaries

110
Q

Together

the alveolar and capillary walls, their fused basement membranes, and occasional elastic fibers construct the

A

respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier)

it has gas flowing past on 1 side and blood flowing past on the other

111
Q

occurs by simple diffusion through the
respiratory membrane—oxygen passes from the
alveolar air into the capillary blood, and carbon
dioxide leaves the blood to enter the alveoli

A

Gas
exchange

112
Q

sometimes called “dust cells,” wander in and out of the alveoli picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris

A

alveolar macrophages

113
Q

scattered amid the epithelial cells that form most of the alveolar walls

A

cuboidal surfactant-secreting
cells

114
Q

cuboidal surfactant-secreting cells

These cells produce a lipid (fat)
molecule called

A

surfactant

which coats the gasexposed alveolar surfaces and is very important in lung function

115
Q

least four distinct events, collectively called

respiration

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External respiration
  3. Respiratory gas transport
  4. Internal respiration
116
Q

breathing

Air must move into and out of the lungs so that the gases in the alveoli of the lungs are continuously refreshed

A

Pulmonary ventilation

117
Q

Gas exchange between the pulmonary blood and alveoli
must take place

gas exchanges are being made
between the blood and the body exterior

A

External respiration

118
Q

Oxygen and carbon dioxide must be transported to and from the lungs and tissue cells of the body

via the
bloodstream

A

Respiratory gas transport.

119
Q

gas exchange occurs between the blood and
cells inside the body

A

Internal respiration

120
Q

is the cornerstone of all energy-producing chemical reactions and occurs in all cells

use of oxygen to produce ATP and carbon dioxide

A

cellular respiration

121
Q

is a mechanical process that depends on volume changes occurring in the thoracic cavity

Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize the pressure.

A

Breathing, or pulmonary ventilation

122
Q

in a large volume

A

the pressure will be low

123
Q

the volume is reduced

A

the gas molecules will be
closer together, and the pressure will rise.

124
Q

air is
flowing into the lungs

A

inspiration

125
Q

air
is leaving the lungs

A

expiration

126
Q

the diaphragm and external intercostals, contract, the size of the thoracic cavity increases

A

inspiratory muscles

127
Q

dome-shaped
diaphragm contracts inferiorly

A

the superior inferior dimension (height) of the thoracic cavity increases

128
Q

increases the antero-posterior and lateral dimensions of the thorax

A

Contraction of the external intercostals lifts the rib cage and thrusts the sternum forward

129
Q

the gases within the lungs spread out to fill the larger space

A

intrapulmonary
volume increases

130
Q

pressure less than atmospheric pressure outside

the body

causes air to flow into the lungs.

A

partial vacuum

131
Q
A

ANAPHY LECTURE (10 decks)

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