BLOOD Flashcards
transports substances such as oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and participates in processes such as clotting and fighting infections.
BLOOD
It is the only fluid tissue in the body
blood
Blood is a complex connective tissue in which living blood cells are suspended in plasma
formed elements
a nonliving fluid in blood
plasma
Most of the reddish “pellet” at the bottom of the tube is erythrocytes or the formed elements that function in oxygen transport.
red blood cells
thin, whitish layer at the junction between the erythrocytes and the plasma
buffy coat
leukocytes act in various ways to protect the body
white blood cells
cell fragments that help stop bleeding
platelets
Erythrocytes normally account for about 45 percent of the total volume of a blood sample, a percentage known as the
hematocrit (“blood fraction”)
White blood cells and platelets contribute
less than 1 percent
plasma makes up most of the remaining of the whole blood
55 percent
blood varies from color scarlet
oxygen-rich
blood color is dull red or purple
oxygen-poor
Blood is slightly alkaline, with a pH between
7.35 and 7.45
blood temperature
38°C, or 100.4°F
which is approximately 90 percent water, is the liquid part of the blood.
plasma
are the most abundant solutes in plasma.
Plasma proteins
acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation, is an important blood buffer, and contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood, which acts to keep water in the bloodstream.
albumin
help stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
Clotting proteins
help protect the body from pathogens
antibodies
make dozens of adjustments day in and day out to maintain the many plasma solutes at life-sustaining levels
Various body organs
90% of plasma volume; solvent for carrying other substances; absorbs heat
water in plasma
Osmotic balance, pH buffering, regulation of membrane permeability
Salts (electrolytes)
Osmotic balance, pH buffering
Albumin
Plasma proteins
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Globulins
Salts (electrolytes)
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Defense (antibodies) and lipid transport
Globulins
Clotting of blood
Fibrinogen
Functions: Defense and immunity
Leukocytes (WBC)
Functions: Blood clotting
Platelets
Functions: Transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide
Erythrocytes (RBC)
RBCs are anucleate that is, they lack a nucleus.
TRUE
an iron-bearing protein, transports most of the oxygen that is carried in the blood.
Hemoglobin (Hb)
what happen when the number of RBC/mm3 increases
blood viscosity, or thickness, increases
what happen when number of RBCs decreases
blood thins and flows more rapidly
A decrease in the oxygen carrying ability of the blood, whatever the reason, is called
anemia
the body does not form normal hemoglobin, Instead, abnormal hemoglobin is formed that becomes spiky and sharp
sickle cell anemia (SCA)
Only individuals carrying two copies of the defective gene have sickle cell anemia. Those carrying just one sickling gene have
sickle cell trait (SCT)
An excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes, may result from bone marrow cancer
polycythemia
Genetic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin, which becomes sharp and sickle-shaped under conditions of increased oxygen use by body; occurs mainly in people of African descent
Abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs
are far less numerous than red blood cells, they are crucial to body defense.
leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs)
form a protective, movable army that helps defend the body against damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumor cells
leukocytes
a process where white blood cells, by contrast, are able to slip into and out of the blood vessels
diapedesis
WBCs can locate areas of tissue damage and infection in the body by responding to certain chemicals that diffuse from the damaged cells.
positive chemotaxis
Once they have “caught the
scent,” the WBCs move through the tissue spaces
by
amoeboid motion
A total WBC count above 11,000 cells/mm3
is referred to
as leukocytosis
an abnormally low WBC count, It is commonly caused by certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents.
leukopenia
literally “white blood,” the bone marrow becomes cancerous, and huge numbers of WBCs are turned out rapidly.
leukemia
WBCs are classified into two major groups
granulocytes and agranulocytes
are granule containing WBCs. They have lobed nuclei, which typically consist of several rounded nuclear areas connected by thin strands of nuclear material
Granulocytes
are the most numerous WBCs.
They have a multilobed nucleus and very fine granules that respond to both acidic and basic stains.
Neutrophils
have a blue-red nucleus that resembles earmuffs and brick-red cytoplasmic granules. Their number increases rapidly during infections by parasitic worms.
Eosinophils
the rarest of the WBCs, have large histamine-containing granules that stain dark blue.
Basophils
is an inflammatory chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBCs to the inflamed site.
Histamine
lack visible cytoplasmic granules. Their nuclei are closer to the norm—that is, they are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped.
agranulocytes
have a large, dark purple nucleus that occupies most of the cell volume. Only slightly larger than RBCs, tend to take up residence in lymphatic tissues, such as the tonsils, where they play an important role in the immune response.
lymphocytes
are the largest of the WBCs. Except for their more abundant cytoplasm and distinctive U- or kidney shaped nucleus, they resemble large lymphocytes
Monocytes
not technically cells. They are fragments of bizarre multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes
Platelets
which pinch off thousands of anucleate platelet “pieces” that quickly seal themselves off from the surrounding fluids.
megakaryocytes
are needed for the clotting process that stops blood loss from broken blood vessels
platelets
Active phagocytes that become macrophages in the tissues; long-term “cleanup team”; increase in number during chronic infections; activate lymphocytes during immune response
Monocytes
Part of immune system; B lymphocytes produce antibodies; T lymphocytes are involved in graft rejection and in fighting tumors and viruses via direct cell attack
Lymphocytes
Release histamine (vasodilator chemical) at sites of inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant
Basophils
Kill parasitic worms by deluging them with digestive enzymes; play a complex role in allergy attacks
Eosinophils
Active phagocytes; number increases rapidly during short-term or acute infections
Neutrophils
Blood cell formation, occurs in red bone marrow, or myeloid tissue.
hematopoiesis
In adults, this tissue is found chiefly in the axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur.
hematopoiesis
All the formed elements arise from a common stem cell, which resides in red bone marrow. Their development differs, however, and once a cell is committed to a specific blood pathway, it cannot change.
hemocytoblast
Iron is bound to protein as
ferritin
the balance of the heme group is degraded, which is then secreted into the intestine by liver cells
bilirubin
brown pigment, that leaves the body in feces
stercobilin
is broken down to amino acids, which are released into the circulation.
Globin
Lost blood cells are replaced more or less continuously by the division of
hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow
The developing RBCs divide many times and then begin synthesizing huge amounts of hemoglobin. When enough hemoglobin has been accumulated, the nucleus and most organelles are ejected, and the cell collapses inward. The result is the young RBC.
a reticulocyte
The rate of erythrocyte production is controlled by a hormone called
erythropoietin
produces most erythropoietin as a response to reduced in the blood
kidney
the formation of leukocytes and platelets is stimulated by
hormones
these two are not only prompt red bone marrow to turn out leukocytes, but also enhance the ability of mature leukocytes to protect the body.
colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins
hormone that accelerates the production of platelets from megakaryocytes, but little is known about how that process is regulated.
thrombopoietin
a series of reactions starts the process of stopping the bleeding, which is fast and localized, involves many substances normally present in plasma, as well as some that are released by platelets and injured tissue cells.
hemostasis
phase of hemostasis where The immediate response to blood vessel injury is vasoconstriction, which causes blood vessel spasms
Vascular spasms occur
phase of hemostasis where Platelets are repelled by an intact endothelium, but when the underlying collagen fibers of a broken vessel are exposed, the platelets become “sticky” and cling to the damaged site.
Platelet plug forms.
phase of hemostasis where clotting factors present in plasma and released by injured tissue cells interact with Ca2+ to form thrombin, the enzyme that catalyzes joining of fibrinogen molecules in plasma to fibrin.
Coagulation events occur
Hemostasis involves three major phases, which occur in rapid sequence:
- vascular spasms,
- platelet plug formation,
- coagulation, or blood clotting.
Coagulation events occur phase where the injured tissues are releasing, which interacts with PF3 (platelet factor 3)
tissue factor (TF)
Coagulation events occur phase where form an activator release by injured tissue cells interacts with Ca2+ that leads to the formation of enzymes called
thrombin
forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot.
Fibrin
causes blood vessels to spam and smooth muscle contracts
vasoconstriction
this platelets release chemical to attract more platelets
anchored platelets
fibrin forms the basis for a clot called
meshwork
is plasma minus clotting proteins that squeezed form the clot as it retracts and pulling the ruptured edges of the blood vessel closer together.
serum
provides a rough surface to which the platelets can adhere, and the pressure fractures cells, increasing the release of tissue factor locally.
the gauze
A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel is called
thrombus
If a thrombus breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream, it becomes an
embolus
results from an insufficient number of circulating platelets.
Thrombocytopenia
applies to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that result from a lack of any of the factors needed for clotting.
hemophilia
is a substance that the body recognizes as foreign; it stimulates the immune system to mount defense against it
antigen
The “recognizers” present in plasma that attach to RBCs bearing surface antigens different from those on the patient’s (recipient’s) RBCs
antibodies
Binding of the antibodies causes the foreign RBCs to clump, which leads to the clogging of small blood vessels throughout the body, a phenomenon called
agglutination
“universal recipient”
AB
“universal donor”
O
Blood that can be received by AB
A, B, AB, O
Blood that can be received by B
B, O
Blood that can be received by A
A, O
Blood that can be received by O
only O
B only received B because
it is Anti-A
A only received A because
it is Anti-B
O only received O because
it is Anti A and B
a baby with neither the A nor the B antigen forms both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
blood type O
does not occur in an Rh− person with the first transfusion of Rh+ blood because it takes time for the body to react and start making antibodies.
Hemolysis
Which would lead to increased erythropoiesis?
Chronic bleeding ulcer
In a person with sickle cell anemia, sickling of
RBCs can be induced by
stress
A child is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. This
means that
a. one parent had sickle cell anemia.
b. one parent carried the sickle cell gene.
c. both parents had sickle cell anemia.
d. both parents carried the sickle cell gene
b
Polycythemia vera will result in
a. overproduction of WBCs.
b. exceptionally high blood volume.
c. abnormally high blood viscosity.
d. abnormally low hematocrit.
c
Which of the following are normally associated
with leukocytes?
a. Positive chemotaxis
b. Phototaxis
c. Diapedesis
d. Hemostasis
a
Which of the following cell types are granulocytes?
a. Lymphocytes
b. Platelets
c. Eosinophils
d. Basophils
Eosinophils and basophils are both types of granulocytes
A person with blood group A can receive blood
from a person with blood group
a. B.
b. A.
c. AB.
d. O.
b and d
A condition resulting from thrombocytopenia is
a. thrombus formation.
b. embolus formation.
c. petechiae.
d. hemophilia.
c
Which of the following can cause problems in a
transfusion reaction?
a. Donor antibodies attacking recipient RBCs
b. Clogging of small vessels by agglutinated clumps
of RBCs
c. Lysis of donated RBCs
d. Blockage of kidney tubules
c
Clotting proteins
a. stem blood loss
after injury.
b. transport certain
molecules.
c. help keep water in
the bloodstream.
d. protect the body
from pathogens.
a
Hematocrit is determined by the percentage of
a. plasma.
b. leukocytes.
c. platelets.
d. erythrocytes
d
If an Rh−
mother becomes pregnant, when can
hemolytic disease of the newborn not possibly
occur in the child?
a. If the child is Rh−
b. If the child is Rh+
c. If the father is Rh+
d. If the father is Rh−
a
