Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAPHY LECTURE > BLOOD > Flashcards

BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

transports substances such as oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and participates in processes such as clotting and fighting infections.

A

BLOOD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

It is the only fluid tissue in the body

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Blood is a complex connective tissue in which living blood cells are suspended in plasma

A

formed elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

a nonliving fluid in blood

A

plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Most of the reddish “pellet” at the bottom of the tube is erythrocytes or the formed elements that function in oxygen transport.

A

red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

thin, whitish layer at the junction between the erythrocytes and the plasma

A

buffy coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

leukocytes act in various ways to protect the body

A

white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cell fragments that help stop bleeding

A

platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Erythrocytes normally account for about 45 percent of the total volume of a blood sample, a percentage known as the

A

hematocrit (“blood fraction”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

White blood cells and platelets contribute

A

less than 1 percent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

plasma makes up most of the remaining of the whole blood

A

55 percent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

blood varies from color scarlet

A

oxygen-rich

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

blood color is dull red or purple

A

oxygen-poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Blood is slightly alkaline, with a pH between

A

7.35 and 7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

blood temperature

A

38°C, or 100.4°F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which is approximately 90 percent water, is the liquid part of the blood.

A

plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

are the most abundant solutes in plasma.

A

Plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation, is an important blood buffer, and contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood, which acts to keep water in the bloodstream.

A

albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

help stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured

A

Clotting proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

help protect the body from pathogens

A

antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

make dozens of adjustments day in and day out to maintain the many plasma solutes at life-sustaining levels

A

Various body organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

90% of plasma volume; solvent for carrying other substances; absorbs heat

A

water in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Osmotic balance, pH buffering, regulation of membrane permeability

A

Salts (electrolytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Osmotic balance, pH buffering

A

Albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Albumin
Fibrinogen
Globulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Salts (electrolytes)

A

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Defense (antibodies) and lipid transport

A

Globulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Clotting of blood

A

Fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Functions: Defense and immunity

A

Leukocytes (WBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Functions: Blood clotting

A

Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Functions: Transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

RBCs are anucleate that is, they lack a nucleus.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

an iron-bearing protein, transports most of the oxygen that is carried in the blood.

A

Hemoglobin (Hb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what happen when the number of RBC/mm3 increases

A

blood viscosity, or thickness, increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what happen when number of RBCs decreases

A

blood thins and flows more rapidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

A decrease in the oxygen carrying ability of the blood, whatever the reason, is called

A

anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the body does not form normal hemoglobin, Instead, abnormal hemoglobin is formed that becomes spiky and sharp

A

sickle cell anemia (SCA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Only individuals carrying two copies of the defective gene have sickle cell anemia. Those carrying just one sickling gene have

A

sickle cell trait (SCT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

An excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes, may result from bone marrow cancer

A

polycythemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Genetic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin, which becomes sharp and sickle-shaped under conditions of increased oxygen use by body; occurs mainly in people of African descent

A

Abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

are far less numerous than red blood cells, they are crucial to body defense.

A

leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

form a protective, movable army that helps defend the body against damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumor cells

A

leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

a process where white blood cells, by contrast, are able to slip into and out of the blood vessels

A

diapedesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

WBCs can locate areas of tissue damage and infection in the body by responding to certain chemicals that diffuse from the damaged cells.

A

positive chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Once they have “caught the
scent,” the WBCs move through the tissue spaces
by

A

amoeboid motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

A total WBC count above 11,000 cells/mm3
is referred to

A

as leukocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

an abnormally low WBC count, It is commonly caused by certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents.

A

leukopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

literally “white blood,” the bone marrow becomes cancerous, and huge numbers of WBCs are turned out rapidly.

A

leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

WBCs are classified into two major groups

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

are granule containing WBCs. They have lobed nuclei, which typically consist of several rounded nuclear areas connected by thin strands of nuclear material

A

Granulocytes

51
Q

are the most numerous WBCs.
They have a multilobed nucleus and very fine granules that respond to both acidic and basic stains.

A

Neutrophils

52
Q

have a blue-red nucleus that resembles earmuffs and brick-red cytoplasmic granules. Their number increases rapidly during infections by parasitic worms.

A

Eosinophils

53
Q

the rarest of the WBCs, have large histamine-containing granules that stain dark blue.

A

Basophils

54
Q

is an inflammatory chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBCs to the inflamed site.

A

Histamine

55
Q

lack visible cytoplasmic granules. Their nuclei are closer to the norm—that is, they are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped.

A

agranulocytes

56
Q

have a large, dark purple nucleus that occupies most of the cell volume. Only slightly larger than RBCs, tend to take up residence in lymphatic tissues, such as the tonsils, where they play an important role in the immune response.

A

lymphocytes

57
Q

are the largest of the WBCs. Except for their more abundant cytoplasm and distinctive U- or kidney shaped nucleus, they resemble large lymphocytes

A

Monocytes

58
Q

not technically cells. They are fragments of bizarre multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes

A

Platelets

59
Q

which pinch off thousands of anucleate platelet “pieces” that quickly seal themselves off from the surrounding fluids.

A

megakaryocytes

60
Q

are needed for the clotting process that stops blood loss from broken blood vessels

A

platelets

61
Q

Active phagocytes that become macrophages in the tissues; long-term “cleanup team”; increase in number during chronic infections; activate lymphocytes during immune response

A

Monocytes

62
Q

Part of immune system; B lymphocytes produce antibodies; T lymphocytes are involved in graft rejection and in fighting tumors and viruses via direct cell attack

A

Lymphocytes

63
Q

Release histamine (vasodilator chemical) at sites of inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant

A

Basophils

64
Q

Kill parasitic worms by deluging them with digestive enzymes; play a complex role in allergy attacks

A

Eosinophils

65
Q

Active phagocytes; number increases rapidly during short-term or acute infections

A

Neutrophils

66
Q

Blood cell formation, occurs in red bone marrow, or myeloid tissue.

A

hematopoiesis

67
Q

In adults, this tissue is found chiefly in the axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur.

A

hematopoiesis

68
Q

All the formed elements arise from a common stem cell, which resides in red bone marrow. Their development differs, however, and once a cell is committed to a specific blood pathway, it cannot change.

A

hemocytoblast

69
Q

Iron is bound to protein as

A

ferritin

70
Q

the balance of the heme group is degraded, which is then secreted into the intestine by liver cells

A

bilirubin

71
Q

brown pigment, that leaves the body in feces

A

stercobilin

72
Q

is broken down to amino acids, which are released into the circulation.

A

Globin

73
Q

Lost blood cells are replaced more or less continuously by the division of

A

hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow

74
Q

The developing RBCs divide many times and then begin synthesizing huge amounts of hemoglobin. When enough hemoglobin has been accumulated, the nucleus and most organelles are ejected, and the cell collapses inward. The result is the young RBC.

A

a reticulocyte

75
Q

The rate of erythrocyte production is controlled by a hormone called

A

erythropoietin

76
Q

produces most erythropoietin as a response to reduced in the blood

A

kidney

77
Q

the formation of leukocytes and platelets is stimulated by

A

hormones

78
Q

these two are not only prompt red bone marrow to turn out leukocytes, but also enhance the ability of mature leukocytes to protect the body.

A

colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins

79
Q

hormone that accelerates the production of platelets from megakaryocytes, but little is known about how that process is regulated.

A

thrombopoietin

80
Q

a series of reactions starts the process of stopping the bleeding, which is fast and localized, involves many substances normally present in plasma, as well as some that are released by platelets and injured tissue cells.

A

hemostasis

81
Q

phase of hemostasis where The immediate response to blood vessel injury is vasoconstriction, which causes blood vessel spasms

A

Vascular spasms occur

82
Q

phase of hemostasis where Platelets are repelled by an intact endothelium, but when the underlying collagen fibers of a broken vessel are exposed, the platelets become “sticky” and cling to the damaged site.

A

Platelet plug forms.

83
Q

phase of hemostasis where clotting factors present in plasma and released by injured tissue cells interact with Ca2+ to form thrombin, the enzyme that catalyzes joining of fibrinogen molecules in plasma to fibrin.

A

Coagulation events occur

84
Q

Hemostasis involves three major phases, which occur in rapid sequence:

A
  1. vascular spasms,
  2. platelet plug formation,
  3. coagulation, or blood clotting.
85
Q

Coagulation events occur phase where the injured tissues are releasing, which interacts with PF3 (platelet factor 3)

A

tissue factor (TF)

86
Q

Coagulation events occur phase where form an activator release by injured tissue cells interacts with Ca2+ that leads to the formation of enzymes called

A

thrombin

87
Q

forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot.

A

Fibrin

88
Q

causes blood vessels to spam and smooth muscle contracts

A

vasoconstriction

89
Q

this platelets release chemical to attract more platelets

A

anchored platelets

90
Q

fibrin forms the basis for a clot called

A

meshwork

91
Q

is plasma minus clotting proteins that squeezed form the clot as it retracts and pulling the ruptured edges of the blood vessel closer together.

A

serum

92
Q

provides a rough surface to which the platelets can adhere, and the pressure fractures cells, increasing the release of tissue factor locally.

A

the gauze

93
Q

A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel is called

A

thrombus

94
Q

If a thrombus breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream, it becomes an

A

embolus

95
Q

results from an insufficient number of circulating platelets.

A

Thrombocytopenia

96
Q

applies to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that result from a lack of any of the factors needed for clotting.

A

hemophilia

97
Q

is a substance that the body recognizes as foreign; it stimulates the immune system to mount defense against it

A

antigen

98
Q

The “recognizers” present in plasma that attach to RBCs bearing surface antigens different from those on the patient’s (recipient’s) RBCs

A

antibodies

98
Q
A
99
Q

Binding of the antibodies causes the foreign RBCs to clump, which leads to the clogging of small blood vessels throughout the body, a phenomenon called

A

agglutination

100
Q

“universal recipient”

A

AB

101
Q

“universal donor”

A

O

102
Q

Blood that can be received by AB

A

A, B, AB, O

103
Q

Blood that can be received by B

A

B, O

104
Q

Blood that can be received by A

A

A, O

105
Q

Blood that can be received by O

A

only O

106
Q

B only received B because

A

it is Anti-A

107
Q

A only received A because

A

it is Anti-B

108
Q

O only received O because

A

it is Anti A and B

109
Q

a baby with neither the A nor the B antigen forms both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

A

blood type O

110
Q

does not occur in an Rh− person with the first transfusion of Rh+ blood because it takes time for the body to react and start making antibodies.

A

Hemolysis

111
Q

Which would lead to increased erythropoiesis?

A

Chronic bleeding ulcer

112
Q

In a person with sickle cell anemia, sickling of
RBCs can be induced by

A

stress

113
Q

A child is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. This
means that
a. one parent had sickle cell anemia.
b. one parent carried the sickle cell gene.
c. both parents had sickle cell anemia.
d. both parents carried the sickle cell gene

A

b

114
Q

Polycythemia vera will result in
a. overproduction of WBCs.
b. exceptionally high blood volume.
c. abnormally high blood viscosity.
d. abnormally low hematocrit.

A

c

115
Q

Which of the following are normally associated
with leukocytes?
a. Positive chemotaxis
b. Phototaxis
c. Diapedesis
d. Hemostasis

A

a

116
Q

Which of the following cell types are granulocytes?
a. Lymphocytes
b. Platelets
c. Eosinophils
d. Basophils

A

Eosinophils and basophils are both types of granulocytes

117
Q

A person with blood group A can receive blood
from a person with blood group
a. B.
b. A.
c. AB.
d. O.

A

b and d

118
Q

A condition resulting from thrombocytopenia is
a. thrombus formation.
b. embolus formation.
c. petechiae.
d. hemophilia.

A

c

119
Q

Which of the following can cause problems in a
transfusion reaction?
a. Donor antibodies attacking recipient RBCs
b. Clogging of small vessels by agglutinated clumps
of RBCs
c. Lysis of donated RBCs
d. Blockage of kidney tubules

A

c

120
Q

Clotting proteins
a. stem blood loss
after injury.
b. transport certain
molecules.
c. help keep water in
the bloodstream.
d. protect the body
from pathogens.

A

a

121
Q

Hematocrit is determined by the percentage of
a. plasma.
b. leukocytes.
c. platelets.
d. erythrocytes

A

d

122
Q

If an Rh−
mother becomes pregnant, when can
hemolytic disease of the newborn not possibly
occur in the child?
a. If the child is Rh−
b. If the child is Rh+
c. If the father is Rh+
d. If the father is Rh−

A

a

123
Q
A

ANAPHY LECTURE (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions