endocrine

Question 1

As the second control
system of the body, the
endocrine system releases
chemicals called hormones that
regulate complex body
processes.

Answer 1

endocrine system

Question 2

the endocrine system acts more
slowly by using chemical messengers, which are released into the blood to be
transported throughout the body called

Answer 2

hormones

Question 3

hormones have widespread effects, the
major processes they control are

Answer 3

1. reproduction
2. mobilizing body defenses against stressors
3. regulating cellular metabolism and energy balance

Question 4

scientific study of hormones and endocrine organs

Answer 4

endocrinology

Question 5

are chemical substances secreted by
endocrine cells into the extracellular fluids that
regulate the metabolic activity of other cells in the body

Answer 5

Hormones

Question 6

Although the body produces many different
hormones, nearly all of them can be classified
chemically as either

Answer 6

amino acid–based molecules and steroid hormones

Question 7

hormones that is made from cholesterol

Answer 7

Steroid hormones

Question 8

Steroid hormones include the sex hormones made by the

Answer 8

gonads

Question 9

the hormones that act locally, are made from highly active lipids released from nearly all cell membranes.

Answer 9

prostaglandins

Question 10

a given hormone affects only certain tissue cells or organs, referred to as its

Answer 10

target cells or target organs

Question 11

Hormone “arouse,” or bring about their
effects on, the body’s cells primarily by altering
cellular activity

Answer 11

by increasing or decreasing the rate of a normal

Question 12

Hormone can change plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential (electrical state) by

Answer 12

opening or closing ion channels

Question 13

can use the mechanism of direct gene activation

Answer 13

Steroid hormones

Question 14

Steroid hormones can use the mechanism of

Answer 14

direct gene activation

Question 15

Direct gene activation

Answer 15

1. the steroid hormone enters the nucleus
2. binds to a specific hormone receptor
3. hormone-receptor complex then binds to specific sites on the cell’s DNA
4. activating certain genes to transcribe messenger RNA (mRNA)
5. mRNA is translated in the cytoplasm
6. resulting in the synthesis of new proteins

Question 16

Alternatively, the steroid hormone may bind to receptors in thecytoplasm, and then the complex moves into the nucleus to activate certain genes.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

the steroid hormone may bind to receptors in the

Answer 17

cytoplasm

Question 18

the complex moves into the nucleus to

Answer 18

activate certain genes.

Question 19

not water-soluble and unable to enter target cells directly

Answer 19

Protein and peptide hormones

Question 20

Protein and peptide hormones bind to hormone receptors situated on the target cell’s plasma membrane and use a

Answer 20

second-messenger system

Question 21

second-messenger system

Answer 21

1. the hormone (first messenger) binds
   to the receptor protein on the membrane
2. the activated receptor sets off a series of reactions (a cascade) that activates an enzyme
3. The enzyme, in turn, catalyzes reactions that produce second-messenger molecules
4. cyclic AMP, also known as cAMP, or cyclic adenosine monophosphate that oversee additional intracellular changes that promote the typical response of the target cell to the hormone

Question 22

are the chief means of regulating blood levels of nearly all hormones

Answer 22

negative feedback mechanisms

Question 23

The stimuli that activate endocrine glands fall into three major categories

Answer 23

—hormonal, humoral, and neural

Question 24

These three mechanisms represent the most common systems that control hormone release, but they by no means explain all of them. Some endocrine organs respond to many different stimuli.

Answer 24

—hormonal, humoral, and neural

Question 25

The most common stimulus, in which endocrine organs are prodded into
action by other hormones

Answer 25

hormonal stimulus

Question 26

Changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients may also stimulate hormone release

Answer 26

humoral stimuli

Question 27

which are also bloodborne chemicals

Answer 27

hormonal stimuli

Question 28

a decreasing blood calcium ion level in the capillaries serving the parathyroid glands prompts the release of

Answer 28

parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Question 29

In isolated cases, nerve fibers stimulate hormone release, and the endocrine cells are said to respond to

Answer 29

neural stimuli

Question 30

The classic example of neural stimuli is sympathetic nervous system stimulation of the adrenal medulla
to release the ( during periods of stress)

Answer 30

catecholamines norepinephrine and
epinephrine

Question 31

major endocrine organs of the body include
the

Answer 31

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus
and adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads (ovaries and testes)

Question 32

is also recognized as a major endocrine organ because it pro duces several hormones

Answer 32

hypothalamus

Question 33

hormone-producing glands, have purely endocrine
functions

Answer 33

(the anterior pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, and adrenals)