Respiratory System Flashcards
The roof of internal nasal cavity:
_________ bones of the base of the skull
ethmoid and sphenoid
The floor of internal nasal cavity - the palate
(separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity below:
___ palate
* Anterior
* supported by the palatine bones
* processes of the maxillary bones
___ palate
* Posterior
* Muscular, Unsupported
Hard, Soft
Three scroll-like mucosa-covered projections
* superior nasal ____
* middle nasal ____
* inferior nasal ____
greatly increase the surface area of the inside of the nose
conchae
Nasal cavity is lined with two types of the mucous membrane
* ____ mucosa
* ____ mucosa
olfactory, respiratory
(olfactory mucosa
or respiratory mucosa?)
rich in sensory nerve endings
* The sense of smell
* → triggers a sneeze reflex
respiratory mucosa
Paranasal Sinuses
* air-filled spaces
* ____, ____, ____, and ____sinus
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary
Sinusitis
* painful sinus
* result from ____
* S/S: excessive mucus production, nasal congestion
* caused by ______
* the pressure within the sinuses may no longer be the same as atmospheric
pressure → a sinus headache
blocked drainage, an infection or allergic reaction
____ is commonly called throat and is funnel-shaped.
Pharynx
Pharynx is divided into three regions:
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
Functions of nasopharynx:
- only an air passageway
- During swallowing
- the soft palate and its uvula move superiorly → closing off the nasopharynx
- prevents food from entering the
nasal cavity
Pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids’s located:
posterior of nasopharynx
____ inferiorly from the soft palate to the epiglottis
Oropharynx
____ is part of the respiratory tract and alimentary tract
(both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through it)
Oropharynx
The paired ____ lie in the lateral walls of mucosa, posterior to the oral
cavity
palatine tonsils
_____:
* a passageway for food and air
* posterior to the larynx
* extends to the cricoid cartilage
* continuous with the esophagus posteriorly
Laryngopharynx
____ also called voice box
Larynx
Larynx located in the level of ___ cervical vertebra
* superiorly attaches to the hyoid bone
* Inferiorly continuous with the trachea
3rd-6th
T/F
Functions of larynx:
-provide a patent airway
-epiglottis ensures that only air enters
-voice production - vocal cords
T
T/F
Larynx composed of several irregular cartilages joined together by ligaments and
membranes
(all are hyaline cartilages, except for the epiglottis)
T
The 3 largest cartilages of larynx:
Thyroid cartilage, epiglottic cartilage, and cricoid cartilage
____ seen externally as the Adam’s apple (laryngeal prominence)
Thyroid cartilage
Epithelium of larynx:
* Superior portion (____ epithelium)
* Below the vocal folds
___ epithelium filters dust: cilia continually move mucus away from the lungs
stratified, ciliated
____:
* lies below thyroid cartilage
* ring-shaped with broad portion at the back
* Lined with ciliated epithelium
Cricoid cartilage
_____
* “above the glottis”
* flexible, elastic, spoon
-shaped
* attached to the inside of the front wall of the thyroid cartilage immediately below the thyroid notch
Epiglottic cartilage
Vocal Cords
* _____ has a free upper border, which makes two pairs of parallel horizontal ___ running from front to back
* elastic fibers, covering of mucous membrane
* Appear pearly ___ because they lack blood vessels
Cricothyroid membrane, vocal folds,
white
___ vocal cords
* the upper folds muscle fibers
* do not produce sounds * help to close the glottis when we swallow
___ vocal cords
* The lower folds muscle fibers
* Strong but elastic connective tissue
____
* formed by the true vocal cords and the opening between them
False, True, Glottis
Voice production by the glottis forming a triangular slit “ a narrow gap” in normal breathing, and vibration of __ vocal cords when air forced through the gap during ____
true, expiration
____ of a sound
* Contracting or relaxing of intrinsic muscles of larynx→ alter the tension on the vocal cords
* ⇧ tension → ⇧ pitch (higher noted)
* ⇩ tension → ⇩ pitch (lower noted)
Pitch (musical tone)
____ of a sound
* the force of air passing through the vocal folds during expiration
* Stronger blasts of air → louder sound
* Weaker movements of air → softer sound
Intensity (loudness)
During puberty
* a boy’s larynx enlarges
* vocal folds become ____
* vibrate more slowly
* voice becomes deeper
longer and thicker
______:
* Inflammation of the vocal folds, or, causes the vocal folds to swell
* → interfering with their vibration
* → changes the vocal tone, → hoarseness, or in severe cases → only a whisper
Laryngitis
Trachea’s base at the __th thoracic vertebra
5
___: end of the trachea
Carina
Trachea wall made of ____ and ____
involuntary muscle, fibrous tissue
___: a procedure used to “pop out” or expel an obstructing food
Heimlich maneuver
____:
suffocated after choking on a piece of food that closed off their trachea
Tracheal obstruction
Cardiac notch: ___________
a concavity molded to and accommodates the heart
Lungs’ ___ is on the mediastinal surface of
each lung
* through it, pulmonary and systemic blood vessels, bronchi,
lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave the lungs
hilum
___: inflammation of the
bronchi
Bronchitis
The finest bronchi is called ____, ___ cartilage but composed of muscular, fibrous
and elastic tissue lined with cuboid epithelium
bronchiole, no
___:
* an infection that inflames your lungs’ air sacs (alveoli)
* the respiratory membranes thick with edema
* alveoli contain fluid and blood cells
Pneumonia
____:
* A lung disease that results from damage to the walls of the alveoli in your lungs
* alveolar membranes break down
* neighboring alveoli join to form larger, fewer alveoli with a less total surface area
Emphysema
_____:
inflammation of the pleurae
* results from pneumonia
* Inflamed pleurae become rough
→ friction and
stabbing pain with each
breath
Pleurisy
Boyle’s law:
P1 V1 = P2 V2
Atmospheric pressure
(At sea level, =___mmHg = 1 atm
760
