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NN Human Biology > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

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1
Q

Integumentary system is the largest system of the body (T/F)

A

T

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2
Q

Cutaneous membrane include:

A

epidermis, dermis

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3
Q

Accessory structures of the integumentary system:

A

Hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nerve fibers

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4
Q

________: consists of areolar (loose connective tissue) and adipose tissues; a place to store fat and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin; contains nerve endings (lamellated corpuscles) that are sensitive to pressure

A

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

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5
Q

Functions of skin:

A

Protection of underlying tissues and organs, thermoregulation, blood reservoir, cutaneous sensations, excretion and absorption, storage of lipids, synthesis of vitamin D3

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6
Q

_____ is caused by Vitamin D3 deficiency, result
in bending of abnormally weak and flexible
bones

A

Rickets

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7
Q

_____ is essential for the absorption of
calcium and phosphorus in the small intestine

A

Calcitriol

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8
Q

UV light + steroid compound in skin → Vit D3 (cholecalciferol) and it is used to synthesize the hormone _____ by _____.

A

calcitriol, kidneys

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9
Q

______: 90% of epidermal cells; arrange in layers; produce ____ and ______

A

Keratinocyte, keratin, lamellar granules

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10
Q

______: 8% of the epidermal cells; produce pigment called
______

A

Melanocyte, melanin

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11
Q

______: a small fraction of epidermal cells; arise from red bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis, participate in immune responses; easily damaged by UV light

A

Langerhans cell

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12
Q

______: constitute the least % of
epidermal cells; located in the deepest layer of the epidermis; contact the flattened process of sensory neuron, which is called ___ disc to detect touch sensations

A

Merkel cell

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13
Q

______ is the process of newly formed cells in the stratum basale are slowly pushed to the surface. As cells move from one epithelial layer to the next, they accumulate more and more keratin.Eventually, the _____ cells slough off and are replaced by underlying cells

A

Keratinization, keratinized

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14
Q

_________ is unique for each individual; downward projections of the epidermis
into the dermis between dermal papillae of the papillary region; create a strong bond between dermis and epidermis; increase surface area of the epidermis (increase grip by increasing friction, increase the number of _____ of touch, thus increases ____ sensitivity)

A

Epidermal ridges, corpuscles, tactile

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15
Q

______:
* Essential to the survival of the epidermis
* Composed of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers
* Thicker than epidermis, thickness varies from region to region (thickness on palms and soles)
* Has the ability to stretch and recoil
* Blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles are embedded
* Divided into 2 layers based on its
tissue structure: __________

A

Dermis
papillary layer, reticular layer

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16
Q

_____ layer (in dermis)
* 1/5 of the thickness of the total layer
* Consists of thin collagen and fine elastic fibers
* Dermal papillae → increase surface by projecting into the surface of the epidermis
* Contain capillaries → support and nourish epidermis
* Free nerve endings (dendrites that lack apparent structural specialization) that initiate signals that give rise to sensations of warmth, coolness, pain, tickling and itching

A

papillary

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17
Q

_____ layer (in dermis)
* Attached to subcutaneous layer
* Consists of dense irregular connective tissue combining collagen and elastic fibers → provide skin with strength, the ability to stretch (extensibility) and the ability to return to original shape after stretching (elasticity)
* Spaces between fibers contain adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

A

reticular

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18
Q

Epidermal pigmentation
3 pigments:

A

Melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

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19
Q

Which pigment is produced by melanocytes; increase production by the exposure to ultraviolet light

A

Melanin

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20
Q

_____: a yellow-orange pigment that gives egg yolks and carrots
their colour; precursor of vitamin A; deposit in skin after eating large amount of ______-rich food

A

Carotene

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21
Q

Precursor of vitamin A is ______.

A

carotene

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22
Q

Skin colour ranges from pink to red depending on the ____ content of the blood moving through capillaries in the dermis. The red colour is due to _______, the oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells

A

oxygen, haemoglobin

23
Q

Hair present on most skin surfaces except _______.

A

palms, soles, and plantar surface
of feet

24
Q

____ and _____ influences determine the thickness and the pattern of hair distribution

A

Genetic, hormonal

25
Q

Functions of hair:

A

Protects the scalp from injury
Protects the scalp from UV light
Decreases heat loss from the scalp
Senses light touch
(Touch receptors
associated with hair follicles are activated whenever a hair is moved even slightly)

26
Q

_______: branched, rounded glands, which are connected to hair follicles (with few exceptions)

The secreting portion of the gland lies in the ____ and usually opens into the neck of a hair follicle

A

Sebaceous glands, dermis

27
Q

In some locations, such as ___ and ________, sebaceous glands open directly onto the surface of the skin.

A

lips, tarsal glands of the eyelids

28
Q

Sebaceous glands is absent in the ____ and _____.

A

palms, soles

29
Q

Sebaceous glands is small in most area of the ____ and _____, while large in the skin of ____, ____, _____and _______

A

trunks, limbs
breast, face, neck, superior chest

30
Q

Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called _____:
A mixture of ________; coats the surface of hairs → helps to keep hair from drying and brittle; prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin; keep the skin soft and pliable; inhibit the growth of some bacteria

A

sebum, triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins and salts

31
Q

Sweat glands are divided into 2 main types based on structure and type of secretion:

A

Eccrine (Merocrine) sweat glands (watery fluid onto the surface of skin)
Apocrine sweat gland (thick, odorous to hair follicles)

32
Q

____:
Plates of tightly packed, hard, dead, _____ epidermal cells that form a clear, solid covering over the dorsal surfaces of the distal portions of the digits

A

Nail, keratinized

33
Q

Each nail consists of a ___, a ___ and a ____.

A

nail body, free edge, nail root

34
Q

The growth rate of nails is influenced by:

A

age, health, nutritional status

35
Q

Functions of nail:

A

Protect the distal end of the digits.
Provide support and counterpressure to the palmar surface of the fingers to enhance touch perception and manipulation.
Allow us to grasp and manipulate small objects.

36
Q

4 phases of skin repair

A

Inflammation phase, migration phase, proliferation phase, scarring phase

37
Q

Lists types of burn injury

A

Scald, flame, chemical, electrical, contact, radiation, cold burn or friction burn

38
Q

Burn injury destroy some of the skin’s
contribution to homeostasis, which
includes:

A

protect against microbial invasion, protect against dehydration, thermoregulation

39
Q

Tissue damage is proportional to:

A

Temperature, nature of agent, length of time exposure, body part involved, age

40
Q

Level of burn is graded according to the severity and depth of tissue involvement:

A

First degree burn, second degree burn, third degree burn

41
Q

First degree burn:

A

only affect epidermis, mild pain, minimal tissue damage, heals 48-72 hours without scarring

42
Q

Second degree burn:

A

affect epidermis and dermis, cherry red moist (Partial thickness), white, yellow or brown leathery (Full thickness) appearing, painful because sensation intact, painless in full thickness due to heat destruction of nerve endings, heal in 7-28 days with minimal scarring

43
Q

Third degree burn:

A

epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer (full thickness burn), extends to tendon, muscle and bone, black charred appearance, may need amputation, escharotomy and fasciotomy

44
Q

Assessment based on ___, and ____ of burn
A major burn includes:

A

depth, area
Third degree burn over 10% of the body surface area
Or Second degree burn over 25% of the body surface area
Or Third degree burns on face, hands, feet or perineum

45
Q

When burn area exceed ___%, more than half of the victim die

A

70

46
Q

A quick method for estimating the surface area
affected by a burn in an adult is the ‘______’

A

rule of nines

47
Q

Rule of nines:

A

Head & neck- 4.5% + 4.5%
Upper limb- 9% + 9%
Front of trunk- 18%
Back of trunk- 18%
Lower limb- 18% + 18%
Perineum- 1%

48
Q

Skin cancer may be cause by __________.

A

excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation

49
Q

3 common types of skin cancer:

A

Basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, malignant melanomas

50
Q

Properties of basal cell carcinomas:

A

Tumor arise from cells in the stratum basale
Most common and rarely metastasize

51
Q

Properties of squamous cell carcinomas:

A

Tumor arise from stratum spinosum
A variable tendency to metastasize

52
Q

Property of malignant melanomas:

A

Metastasize rapidly and can kill a person within months of diagnosis.

53
Q

Early warning signs of malignant melanomas:

A

Asymmetry – irregular shapes
Border – irregular border
Colour – uneven coloration
Diameter – ordinary moles typically smaller than 6mm
Evolving – change in size, shape and colour

NN Human Biology (11 decks)

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