Cardiovascular System 2 Flashcards
Examples of conducting or elastic arteries:
the aorta, common carotid,
subclavian arteries,
pulmonary trunk,
common iliac arteries
Atherosclerosis/ Arteriosclerosis? –
hardening of any artery due to an atheromatous plaque
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis/ Arteriosclerosis? –
hardening (and loss of elasticity) of small to medium arterioles
Arteriosclerosis
_____ - fatty plaques in the arteries / a reversible accumulation of degenerative tissue in the intima of the arterial wall
Atheroma
Examples of Distributing or Muscular Arteries:
the brachial, femoral, renal, and splenic arteries
An ____ is a diagnostic procedure that uses imaging to show how your blood flows
through your blood vessels or heart. An injected contrast material makes it easy to see where blood is moving and where blockages are.
angiogram
____ - a weak point in an artery or the heart wall forms a thin-walled, bulging sac
◦ pulsates with each beat of the heart, →
eventually rupture
◦ blood accumulates between the tunics of an
artery
degeneration of the tunica media
Aneurysm
Smaller slits in capillaries of _____ muscle
Larger slits in capillaries of _____ muscle
smaller: smooth, skeletal, and cardiac
larger: endocrine glands, the kidneys, and
the lining of the small intestine
Three types of capillaries:
______- narrow intercellular clefts (but in brain, lack intercellular clefts )
______- allow rapid passage of small molecules (rapid absorption or filtration) (important in the kidneys, endocrine glands, small intestine, and choroid plexuses of the brain)
_____ - irregular blood-filled spaces
Even proteins and blood cells can pass
◦ liver
◦ albumin, clotting factors, and other proteins
◦ bone marrow and lymphatic organs
◦ newly formed blood cells
Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoid
Veins are most abundant in the ________
medium veins of the limbs
The valve cusps absent in veins of the ____ and ____ body cavities
thoracic, abdominal
______ compensate for low venous pressure
Skeletal Muscle Pump
The smallest type of veins is called ______.
venules
Examples of medium veins:
the radial and ulnar veins,
great saphenous veins
Examples of large veins:
the vena cava, pulmonary veins, internal jugular veins and renal veins
____ - veins are tortuous and dilated, incompetent (leaky) valves,
blood pools in the lower limbs,
elevated venous pressure
Varicose veins
A negative pressure exerted by the heart as its chambers contract/ relax?
relax
In ___, ____, or dehydration, the BP will be lowered.
shock, burns
Three important sources of peripheral resistance:
Vessel radius
Blood viscosity
Vessel length (not much effect; considered
constant)
The lumen of the arterioles can be altered
by the action of _____
vasomotion
polycythemia=?
excessive numbers of red blood cells
anemia=?
a deficiency of erythrocytes
hypoproteinemia=?
a decrease in (albumin and globulin)
Vasomotor center located in the _____
medulla
Constant blood flow to the brain: ~___ml/min
700-750
Baroreflexes located in the _____ and _____.
carotid sinus, aortic arch
Chemoreflexes are receptors that detect changes in blood levels of _______;
located in the _____ and ______.
carbon dioxide, H+, and oxygen,
carotid body, aortic bodies
At rest, total blood flow through
the muscular system is about ___ L/min.
During exercise, blood flow through the
muscles can increase more than ___-fold during strenuous exercise
1, 20
Oxygen deprivation in brain may cause: ____
an MAP < 60 mm Hg → ____
an MAP > 160 mm Hg →
loss of consciousness, syncope, cerebral edema
The two most prominent chemoreceptors:
the carotid bodies
the aortic bodies
The carotid bodies located close by the baroreceptors in the ______
carotid sinuses
The aortic bodies located close by the baroreceptors in the ______
aortic arch
Hormones help regulate blood pressure in the short term via changes in blood volume/ peripheral resistance?
peripheral resistance
Hormones help regulate blood pressure in the long term via changes in blood volume/ peripheral resistance?
blood volume
Angiotensin II’s functions:
◦ a potent vasoconstrictor
◦ raises the blood pressure by increasing peripheral resistance
◦ stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
◦ stimulates the posterior pituitary to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
_______:
* “salt-retaining hormone”
* promotes Na+
retention by the kidneys
* water follows sodium osmotically
* Na+
retention promotes water retention
* supporting blood pressure
Aldosterone
_____:
* a generalized vasodilator effect → lower blood pressure
* secreted by the heart
* antagonize aldosterone
* increase Na+ excretion by the kidneys
* reducing blood volume and pressure
Natriuretic peptides
______:
* Vasopressin
* a vasoconstrictor
* promotes water retention
* ⇧ blood pressure
Antidiuretic hormone
_____ pulmonary veins return blood to the left atrium.
Four (two from each lung)
The head and neck (including the brain) receive blood from four pairs of arteries:
◦ common carotid arteries
◦ vertebral arteries
◦ thyrocervical trunks
◦ costocervical trunks
cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) connects ___________
the vertebral artery and internal carotid artery systems
right and left subclavian arteries
→ ______ arteries
→ ______ artery in the cranial cavity
→ _______________ (connects with internal carotid artery systems)
vertebral, basilar, cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)
_____
* short vessels
* arising from the subclavians lateral to the
vertebral arteries
* branch to the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, larynx, trachea, esophagus, and pharynx
* to muscles in the neck, shoulder, and back
Thyrocervical trunks
_______:
* arise from the subclavian arteries
* supply the deep neck muscles and some of the intercostal muscles of the superior rib cage
Costocervical trunks
A site for venipuncture:
median cubital vein
