Hematological System Flashcards
The pH of blood is:
7.35-7.45
Average volume for male is
around ___ L, for female is around
___ L
5-6, 4-5
If an anticoagulant added into the blood, the blood can be separated into:
Plasma- Male: __%, Female: __% of
the whole blood
Buffy coat- white blood cells and
platelet: _% of whole blood
Erythrocytes (Red blood cells):
__% of whole blood
52, 57, 1, 45
Blood can be divided into plasma and formed elements.
Formed elements include:
platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells
Plasma is composed of 90% water and 9% plasma proteins mostly synthesized by the liver:
albumin, fibrinogen, globulins
Red blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow at the skeletal system, particularly in the ________
vertebrae, sternum, pectoral and
pelvic girdle
Erythrocyte’s life span:
~120 days
Red blood cells will be broken down in the ____ and ____
liver, spleen
RBC normal range:
Male- 4.2-5.4 10^12/L;
Female- 3.6-5.0 10^12/L
Normal range of hemoglobin concentration:
12-18g/dl
(dl=100ml)
Each RBC contains about ____ hemoglobin molecules and can carry ____ molecules of oxygen
280 million, 1 billion
______:
A glycoprotein hormone produced by ____ cells and ___ cells stimulates the production of erythrocytes
Erythropoietin, kidney, liver
Red Blood Cell Morphology - Colour
____: central pallor >1/3 of the cell diameter
____: reddish-brown & 1/3-1/4 central paler
____: cells with lack central pallor
Hypochromic, Normochromic, Hyperchromic
Red Blood Cell Morphology- Size
____: smaller than normal RBC
____: smaller than lymphocyte
____: bigger than normal RBC
Microcytic, Normocytic, Macrocytic
The normal range for hemoglobin is: ___ g/dl (Male); g/dl (Female)
13.3-16.7, 11.8-14.8
Hematocrit (Hct)/ Packed cell volume (PCV) measures the volume of red blood cells compared to the total blood volume (RBCs and plasma)
Normal range:
~37-46% (Female) and 40-54% (Male)
Hemolytic Anemia- RBC is ____ shape
crescent/ S shape
(Sickle Cell Anemia)
______ may cause:
hyperviscosity, sludging of blood flow, and thromboses, which lead to poor oxygen delivery
Polycythemia
Athletes abuse recombinant _____ to increase stamina and performance.
By injecting ___, healthy athletes increase their normal hematocrit from 45% too much as 65%.
When dehydration occurs in a long race, the blood concentrations even
further sticky, may cause _____
erythropoietin (EPO),
clotting, stroke, or heart failure.
_____ is secreted from kidney
in response to chronic hypoxia, low
blood oxygen levels.
e.g., _________
Erythropoietin,
altitude sickness/acute mountain sickness (AMS)
Normal range of leukocytes:
4-11 (x10^/L)
Two classification of leukocytes’ site of origin:
Myeloid series, lymphoid series
Leukocytes that contains multiple lobes of nucleus and granulocytes( contain lysozymes, strong oxidants
that can destroy the bacteria)
Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils
______:
- One of the granular leukocyte
- Elevated number when there is wound or infection
- Biggest number in WBC, 50 -70% of WBCs
- Phagocytes for ingesting microorganism
- Fastest response in all WBC to
bacteria - Direct action against bacteria:
Release lysozymes to destroy bacteria ,or
Release defensive protein that act
like antibiotic and poke holes to
destroy bacteria - Release strong oxidants to destroy bacteria
Neutrophil
______:
- One of the granular leukocyte
- 1-4% of WBCs
- Elevated number of allergic conditions and parasites
- Attack parasitic worms
- Regulate the release of histamines
– Slow down inflammation by basophils - Phagocytize antigen-antibody
complexes
Eosinophil
_____:
- One of the granular leukocyte
- 0.5% of WBCs
- Elevated in an inflammatory and allergic reaction
- Elevated in WBC diseases, e.g.lymphoma
- Enter connective tissue as mast cells
- Release heparin, histamine and serotonin
- Heighten the inflammatory response and account for allergic reaction
Basophil
_____:
* 4-8% of WBCs
* Lack of visible cytoplasmic granules
* Take longer time to get to the infection site but arrived in large numbers
* Developed into macrophages in the tissue
* Highly mobile phagocytes for ingesting microorganism
* Destroy microbes and remove dead tissue following the infection
* Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response
Monocyte
________:
* 25-38% of WBCs
* Natural killer cell (NK cell)- Direct attack
* T cells- Acting directly against virus infected cells and tumour cells
* Attach to antigen-bearing cell to mediate cellular
immune response
* T helper cell (CD4)- Release cytokines to cause cellular response to antigens
* Cytotoxic T cell (CD8)- Release toxin to kill target cells
* B cells- Differentiate into plasma cell and produce antibodies
Lymphocyte
The sequence of different white blood cells types from largest amount to lowest amount:
Neutrophil > Lymphocytes > Monocytes > Eosinophil > Basophil
(Never let monkey eat banana)
Neutrophil’s normal range: __x10^9/L
2.5-7.5
Lymphocytes’s normal range: __x10^9/L
1.5-4.0
Monocytes’s normal range: __x10^9/L
0.2-0.8
Eosinophil’s normal range: __x10^9/L
0.04-0.44
Basophil’s normal range: __x10^9/L
0-0.1
______:
Overproduction of abnormal white blood cells due to cancerous conditions
* The cancerous WBCs fail to
specialize (Production of RBCs
and platelets is decreased,
Infection and bleeding can be life-threatening)
Leukemia
_____:
Elevated white blood cell count
* Causes included infection, tissue
destruction, hematological disorder,
hypersensitive reaction, diseases
Types included:
Leukocytosis,
Granulocytosis,
Neutrophilia,
Eosinophilia,
Basophilia,
Monocytosis,
Lymphocytosis
Leukocytosis
Decreased in white blood cell
count
Causes included
viral infection,
medication,
nutrition,
spleen problems,
cancer treatments,
autoimmune diseases
Leukopenia
Thrombocytes/ Platelets normal range: ____x10^9/L
150-400
Hemostasis consists of 3 phases-
Vascular phase, platelet phase, and coagulation phase
Hemostasis - _____ phase
Injury to blood vessel endothelial
cells cause endothelins released,
smooth muscle contract, endothelial
division and activated platelet cause
vascular spasm
vascular
Hemostasis - _____ phase
Endothelial cells become “sticky” and adhere to platelets, exposed collagen fibers, and to each other
Activate platelets release thromboxane A2 to enhance vascular
spasm, platelet aggregation and release adenosine diphosphate
(ADP) to attract more platelets
Finally, form a platelet plug to control blood loss
platelet
Hemostasis - _____ phase
Blood clot formation start from the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin through coagulation pathways
(extrinsic, intrinsic, and common) and trap blood cells and platelets in order to stop bleeding
Clot retraction occurs after the fibrin-trapped platelet and blood cells
coagulation
___ and ___ affect almost every aspect of the clotting process
Calcium ions, Vitamin K
All 3 coagulation pathways require calcium ions
Some clotting factors like factors ____ require vitamin K
II, VII, IX and X
_____:
Elevated number of platelet due to inflammation, infection, or
cancer
Often has no signs and symptoms, some can include
headache, dizziness, chest pain, weakness, and numbness
Platelets may not function
properly, severe can
cause visible bleeding
Thrombocytosis
_______:
Decreased platelet number than normal range due to suppression or destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, impaired liver function
Cause spontaneous bleeding
Thrombocytopenia
_______:
Genetic disorder in deficiency of clotting factors (e.g. factor VIII or IX)
Impairment in blood clotting
Cause spontaneous bleeding
Need regular replacement of specific clotting factor for treatment
Hemophilia
The drug ____ can prevent the Rh– mother from becoming sensitised
RhoGAM
Platelet Count normal range: ___x10^9/L
150-400
Clotting Time- Prothrombin Time
(PT) (Measure Factors in Extrinsic &
Common Pathway) normal range:
10-14 sec
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
(Measure Factors in Intrinsic &
Common Pathway) normal range:
24-37 sec
International Normalized Ratio (INR)
1.0
A total of ___ human blood groups are recognized, ABO and Rh blood groups are the most important
blood group systems used in blood transfusion
41
RBC membranes contain antigens that are unique and can be recognized as foreign if wrongly matched, causing _____ and ____
agglutination, hemolysis
Packed Red Blood Cells/ Washed Red Cells
*Used for ___ and
____ treatment
* Store at __ degree celsius
anemia, thalassemia, 1-6
Platelet
* Used for _____ treatment
* Store at __ degree celcius
thrombocytopenia, 1-6
Frozen Plasma with Clotting Factors
* Treated for _____
* Store at ___ degree Celsius for frozen plasma
hemophilia, -65
Sign & Symptoms in Transfusion
Reaction:
Febrile reactions:
Chills, fever, headache, flushing,
tachycardia, increased anxiety
Allergic reactions:
Hives, pruritus, facial flushing, severe shortness of breath, bronchospasm
Hemolytic reactions:
Hypotension, tachycardia, fever and
chills, chest pain, tachypnea, hemoglobinuria
