Hematological System Flashcards by N N

The pH of blood is:

7.35-7.45

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Average volume for male is
around ___ L, for female is around
___ L

5-6, 4-5

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If an anticoagulant added into the blood, the blood can be separated into:

Plasma- Male: __%, Female: __% of
the whole blood
Buffy coat- white blood cells and
platelet: _% of whole blood
Erythrocytes (Red blood cells):
__% of whole blood

52, 57, 1, 45

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Blood can be divided into plasma and formed elements.
Formed elements include:

platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells

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Plasma is composed of 90% water and 9% plasma proteins mostly synthesized by the liver:

albumin, fibrinogen, globulins

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Red blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow at the skeletal system, particularly in the ________

vertebrae, sternum, pectoral and
pelvic girdle

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Erythrocyte’s life span:

~120 days

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Red blood cells will be broken down in the ____ and ____

liver, spleen

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RBC normal range:

Male- 4.2-5.4 10^12/L;
Female- 3.6-5.0 10^12/L

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Normal range of hemoglobin concentration:

12-18g/dl
(dl=100ml)

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Each RBC contains about ____ hemoglobin molecules and can carry ____ molecules of oxygen

280 million, 1 billion

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______:
A glycoprotein hormone produced by ____ cells and ___ cells stimulates the production of erythrocytes

Erythropoietin, kidney, liver

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Red Blood Cell Morphology - Colour

____: central pallor >1/3 of the cell diameter

____: reddish-brown & 1/3-1/4 central paler

____: cells with lack central pallor

Hypochromic, Normochromic, Hyperchromic

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Red Blood Cell Morphology- Size

____: smaller than normal RBC

____: smaller than lymphocyte

____: bigger than normal RBC

Microcytic, Normocytic, Macrocytic

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The normal range for hemoglobin is: ___ g/dl (Male); g/dl (Female)

13.3-16.7, 11.8-14.8

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Hematocrit (Hct)/ Packed cell volume (PCV) measures the volume of red blood cells compared to the total blood volume (RBCs and plasma)

Normal range:

~37-46% (Female) and 40-54% (Male)

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Hemolytic Anemia- RBC is ____ shape

crescent/ S shape
(Sickle Cell Anemia)

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______ may cause:
hyperviscosity, sludging of blood flow, and thromboses, which lead to poor oxygen delivery

Polycythemia

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Athletes abuse recombinant _____ to increase stamina and performance.

By injecting ___, healthy athletes increase their normal hematocrit from 45% too much as 65%.

When dehydration occurs in a long race, the blood concentrations even
further sticky, may cause _____

erythropoietin (EPO),
clotting, stroke, or heart failure.

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_____ is secreted from kidney
in response to chronic hypoxia, low
blood oxygen levels.
e.g., _________

Erythropoietin,
altitude sickness/acute mountain sickness (AMS)

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Normal range of leukocytes:

4-11 (x10^/L)

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Two classification of leukocytes’ site of origin:

Myeloid series, lymphoid series

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Leukocytes that contains multiple lobes of nucleus and granulocytes( contain lysozymes, strong oxidants
that can destroy the bacteria)

Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

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______:

One of the granular leukocyte
Elevated number when there is wound or infection
Biggest number in WBC, 50 -70% of WBCs
Phagocytes for ingesting microorganism
Fastest response in all WBC to
bacteria
Direct action against bacteria:
Release lysozymes to destroy bacteria ,or
Release defensive protein that act
like antibiotic and poke holes to
destroy bacteria
Release strong oxidants to destroy bacteria

Study These Flashcards

Neutrophil

______: * One of the granular leukocyte * 1-4% of WBCs * Elevated number of allergic conditions and parasites * Attack parasitic worms * Regulate the release of histamines – Slow down inflammation by basophils * Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes

Eosinophil

_____: * One of the granular leukocyte * 0.5% of WBCs * Elevated in an inflammatory and allergic reaction * Elevated in WBC diseases, e.g.lymphoma * Enter connective tissue as mast cells * Release heparin, histamine and serotonin * Heighten the inflammatory response and account for allergic reaction

Basophil

_____: * 4-8% of WBCs * Lack of visible cytoplasmic granules * Take longer time to get to the infection site but arrived in large numbers * Developed into macrophages in the tissue * Highly mobile phagocytes for ingesting microorganism * Destroy microbes and remove dead tissue following the infection * Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response

Monocyte

________: * 25-38% of WBCs * Natural killer cell (NK cell)- Direct attack * T cells- Acting directly against virus infected cells and tumour cells * Attach to antigen-bearing cell to mediate cellular immune response * T helper cell (CD4)- Release cytokines to cause cellular response to antigens * Cytotoxic T cell (CD8)- Release toxin to kill target cells * B cells- Differentiate into plasma cell and produce antibodies

Lymphocyte

The sequence of different white blood cells types from largest amount to lowest amount:

Neutrophil > Lymphocytes > Monocytes > Eosinophil > Basophil (Never let monkey eat banana)

Neutrophil's normal range: __x10^9/L

2.5-7.5

Lymphocytes's normal range: __x10^9/L

1.5-4.0

Monocytes's normal range: __x10^9/L

0.2-0.8

Eosinophil's normal range: __x10^9/L

0.04-0.44

Basophil's normal range: __x10^9/L

0-0.1

______: Overproduction of abnormal white blood cells due to cancerous conditions * The cancerous WBCs fail to specialize (Production of RBCs and platelets is decreased, Infection and bleeding can be life-threatening)

Leukemia

_____: Elevated white blood cell count * Causes included infection, tissue destruction, hematological disorder, hypersensitive reaction, diseases Types included: Leukocytosis, Granulocytosis, Neutrophilia, Eosinophilia, Basophilia, Monocytosis, Lymphocytosis

Leukocytosis

Decreased in white blood cell count Causes included viral infection, medication, nutrition, spleen problems, cancer treatments, autoimmune diseases

Leukopenia

Thrombocytes/ Platelets normal range: ____x10^9/L

150-400

Hemostasis consists of 3 phases-

Vascular phase, platelet phase, and coagulation phase

Hemostasis - _____ phase Injury to blood vessel endothelial cells cause endothelins released, smooth muscle contract, endothelial division and activated platelet cause vascular spasm

vascular

Hemostasis - _____ phase  Endothelial cells become “sticky” and adhere to platelets, exposed collagen fibers, and to each other  Activate platelets release thromboxane A2 to enhance vascular spasm, platelet aggregation and release adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to attract more platelets  Finally, form a platelet plug to control blood loss

platelet

Hemostasis - _____ phase  Blood clot formation start from the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin through coagulation pathways (extrinsic, intrinsic, and common) and trap blood cells and platelets in order to stop bleeding  Clot retraction occurs after the fibrin-trapped platelet and blood cells

coagulation

___ and ___ affect almost every aspect of the clotting process

Calcium ions, Vitamin K

All 3 coagulation pathways require calcium ions Some clotting factors like factors ____ require vitamin K

II, VII, IX and X

_____:  Elevated number of platelet due to inflammation, infection, or cancer  Often has no signs and symptoms, some can include headache, dizziness, chest pain, weakness, and numbness  Platelets may not function properly, severe can cause visible bleeding

Thrombocytosis

_______:  Decreased platelet number than normal range due to suppression or destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, impaired liver function  Cause spontaneous bleeding

Thrombocytopenia

_______:  Genetic disorder in deficiency of clotting factors (e.g. factor VIII or IX)  Impairment in blood clotting  Cause spontaneous bleeding  Need regular replacement of specific clotting factor for treatment

Hemophilia

The drug ____ can prevent the Rh– mother from becoming sensitised

RhoGAM

Platelet Count normal range: ___x10^9/L

150-400

Clotting Time- Prothrombin Time (PT) (Measure Factors in Extrinsic & Common Pathway) normal range:

10-14 sec

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) (Measure Factors in Intrinsic & Common Pathway) normal range:

24-37 sec

International Normalized Ratio (INR)

1.0

A total of ___ human blood groups are recognized, ABO and Rh blood groups are the most important blood group systems used in blood transfusion

RBC membranes contain antigens that are unique and can be recognized as foreign if wrongly matched, causing _____ and ____

agglutination, hemolysis

Packed Red Blood Cells/ Washed Red Cells *Used for ___ and ____ treatment * Store at __ degree celsius

anemia, thalassemia, 1-6

Platelet * Used for _____ treatment * Store at __ degree celcius

thrombocytopenia, 1-6

Frozen Plasma with Clotting Factors * Treated for _____ * Store at ___ degree Celsius for frozen plasma

hemophilia, -65

Sign & Symptoms in Transfusion Reaction:

Febrile reactions: Chills, fever, headache, flushing, tachycardia, increased anxiety Allergic reactions: Hives, pruritus, facial flushing, severe shortness of breath, bronchospasm Hemolytic reactions: Hypotension, tachycardia, fever and chills, chest pain, tachypnea, hemoglobinuria

Hematological System Flashcards

(58 cards)