respiratory system

Question 1

features in the upper respiratory tract

Answer 1

nose
nasopharynx
pharynx
larynx

Question 2

lower respiratory tract

Answer 2

trachea
lungs
bronchi
alveoli

Question 3

primary functions of the respiratory tract

Answer 3

exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the atmosphere.
olfaction- smell and taste
voice

Question 4

secondary functions of the respiratory tract

Answer 4

• warming and humidifying incoming air
• moistening of cell lining
• keeping airways open during pressure changes
  keeping alveoli open against surface tension

Question 5

Anatomy of the URT

Answer 5

nasal cavity- contains blood supply and hairs
sinuses- air cavities in the cranial bones

Question 6

anatomy of URT 2

Answer 6

larynx- speech (pitch and volume)
preventing material reaching LRT
stimulation of larynx by ingested matter produces strong cough relax- vagal receptors.

Question 7

Anatomy of pleura:

Answer 7

each lung surrounded by two membranes
outer (parietal) pleura
inner (visceral) pleura
space is filled with fluid- surface tension, reduced friction.

Question 8

anatomy of trachea

Answer 8

ends where separates into 2 main bronchi at the level of sternal angle
horseshoe cartilaginous rings

Question 9

Main bronchi

Answer 9

left is longer than the right
bronchi subdivide into lobar and segmental until terminal bronchioles reached.

Question 10

Anatomy of alveolus

Answer 10

each lung has 300- 350 million
lined- single layer of flattened epithelial cells.

Question 11

nasal cavity lining structure.

Answer 11

• hairs
• olfactory mucosa ( small area in the roof of nasal cavity)
• respiratory mucosa (cilia, goblet cells. serous and mucus)

Question 12

cilia structure

Answer 12

covered with a thin layer of mucus
- move in co-ordinated waves-musicality escalator

Question 13

alveolar pressure

Answer 13

pressure of the air within the alveoli

Question 14

alveolar ventilation rate

Answer 14

speed of flow of fresh air that reaches the alveoli

Question 15

anatomic dead space

Answer 15

spaces of the nose, pharynx, larynx trachea, bronchi and bronchioles air that does not reach alveoli to participate in gas exchange.

Question 16

capacity

Answer 16

the sum of 2 or more volumes

Question 17

carbamino compounds

Answer 17

compound created through addition of CO2 with a free amino acid group in amino acid or a protein.

Question 18

compliance

Answer 18

the ability of the lung to stretch

Question 19

external respiration

Answer 19

the exchange of respiratory gases between lungs and blood. also known as pulmonary respiration.

Question 20

elastic recoil

Answer 20

lungs intrinsic tenancy to deflate following inhalation. responsible for normal resting expiration in combination with abdominal organs and from surface tension.

Question 21

expiration

Answer 21

the movement of air into the lungs

Question 22

hypoxia

Answer 22

lack of adequate oxygen at tissue level

Question 23

hypercapnia

Answer 23

condition of abnormally elevated CO2 levels in the blood

Question 24

inspiration

Answer 24

movement of air into the lungs

Question 25

intra pleural pressure

Answer 25

pressure with pleural fluid

Question 26

internal respiration

Answer 26

the exchange of respiratory gases between the blood and the body cells. Also called tissue respiration or systemic gas exchange

Question 27

minute volume

Answer 27

total volume of air entering lungs in a minute

Question 28

passive

Answer 28

without the need for an energy source/ expenditure of energy

Question 29

partial pressure

Answer 29

pressure of a single gas

Question 30

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 30

the inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs

Question 31

respiratory membrane

Answer 31

membrane separating air within the alveoli from the blood within pulmonary capillaries

Question 32

tidal volume

Answer 32

the volume of air that moves in a single normal inspiration or expiration