respiratory physiology

Question 1

primary functions of respiratory tract

Answer 1

exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the atmosphere
olfaction- smell and taste
voice

Question 2

secondary functions of the respiratory tract

Answer 2

warming and humidifying incoming air
moistening of cell lining
keeping lining clean
keeping airways open during pressure changes
keeping alveoli open against surface tension

Question 3

what does the nasal cavity contain

Answer 3

blood supply and hairs

Question 4

what do sinuses contain

Answer 4

air cavities in the cranial bones

Question 5

anatomy of the larynx

Answer 5

speech- pitch and volume
preventing material reaching the LRT
Stimulation of the larynx by ingested matter produces strong cough reflex- vagal receptors.

Question 6

Anatomy of pleura

Answer 6

• Each lung is surrounded by two membranes (pleurae)
• The outer (parietal) pleura
• the inner (vesperal) pleura
  the space is filled with fluid- surface tension, reduce friction.

Question 7

Trachea

Answer 7

Ends where it bifurcates into 2 main bronchi at the level of the sternal angle
horseshoe cartilaginous rings

Question 8

main bronchi

Answer 8

left main bronchus- longer than right
bronchi subdivide into lobar and segmental until terminal bronchioles reached

Question 9

Nasal cavity lining

Answer 9

hairs
olfactory mucosa- small area, roof of nasal cavity, pseudostratified epithelium, ciliated, olfactory cells.
respiratory mucosa- cilia, goblet cells, serous and mucous glands, venous plexus

Question 10

clearance

Answer 10

goblet cells - mucus

Question 11

Alveolar pressure

Answer 11

The pressure of the air within the alveoli

Question 12

alveolar ventilation rate

Answer 12

speed of flow fresh air that reaches the alveoli (volume/minute)

Question 13

Anatomic dead space (VD)

Answer 13

Spaces of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles totalling about 150ml in a quiet breath (tidal volume) the air does not reach the alveoli to participate in gas exchange.

Question 14

capacity

Answer 14

the sum of 2 or more volumes

Question 15

casamino compounds

Answer 15

a compound created through the addition of co2 with a free amino group un an amino acid or a protein eg.. haemoglobin.

Question 16

compliance

Answer 16

the ability of the lung to stretch

Question 17

external respiration

Answer 17

the exchange of respiratory gases between the lungs and the blood. Also called pulmonary respiration.

Question 18

elastic recoil

Answer 18

the lungs intrinsic tendency to deflate following inflation. It is responsible for normal resting expiration in combination with abdominal organs and surface tension.

Question 19

expiration

Answer 19

the movement of air into the lungs

Question 20

hypoxia

Answer 20

lack of adequate oxygen at the tissue level

Question 21

Hypercapnia

Answer 21

A condition of abnormally elevated carbon dioxide CO2 levels in the blood (also known as hypercarbia)

Question 22

Inspiration

Answer 22

The movement of air into the lungs

Question 23

Intra pleural pressure

Answer 23

pressure within the pleural fluid

Question 24

Internal Respiration

Answer 24

The exchange of respiratory gases between the blood and body cells. This is also called tissue respiration or systemic gas exchange.

Question 25

minute volume

Answer 25

the total volume of air entering the lungs in a minute

Question 26

passive

Answer 26

without the need for an energy source/expenditure of energy

Question 27

partial pressure

Answer 27

the pressure of a single gas

Question 28

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 28

the inflow (inhalation) and outflow (exhalation) of air between the atmosphere and the lungs

Question 29

respiratory membrane

Answer 29

membrane separating air within the alveoli from the blood within pulmonary capillaries

Question 30

tidal volume

Answer 30

the volume of air that moves in a single normal inspiration or expiration