pathophysiology of lung diseases

Question 1

spirometry

Answer 1

most common of pulmonary function tests. Measures lung function, specifically the amount and/or speed of air that can be inhaled and exhaled.

Question 2

lung diseases alveoli affected

Answer 2

COVID-19
pneumonia

Question 3

lung diseases airways affected

Answer 3

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
asthma

Question 4

COVID-19 affect on the lungs.

Answer 4

causes damage in the alveoli resulting in hypoxia, hypoxaemia and oedema.
caused altered lung mechanics due to progressive oedema related to sustained pulmonary inflammation.

Question 5

phenomena affect on the lungs

Answer 5

affects the alveoli and distal airways

Question 6

4 stages of pneumonia- histopathology (1)

Answer 6

congestion- pulmonary capillaries dilated and serous fluid leaks out capillaries into the alveoli

Question 7

4 stages of pneumonia- histopathology (2)

Answer 7

red blood cells and immune cells travel to the alveoli. More red blood cells, lungs can appear red. lungs also become dry, airless and firm resembling the liver.

Question 8

4 stages of pneumonia- histopathology (3)

Answer 8

grey hepatization- an avascular stage- lack of blood vessels in the tissue of the lungs. during this stage, lungs take on greyish colour.
Neutrophils in alveolar spaces, trbcs disintegrate

Question 9

4 stages of pneumonia- histopathology (4)

Answer 9

resolution

Question 10

(COPD)

Answer 10

Causes progressive decline in lung function- poorly reversible airway obstruction incudes 2 main diseases; bronchitis 9narrowing of small airways) and emphysema
often caused by smoking.

Question 11

Emphysema

Answer 11

• abnormal permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchioles
• centrilobular emphysema and panlobular and emphysema.

Question 12

airway disease (bronchitis)

Answer 12

an infection of main airway of the lungs causing them to become irritated and inflamed.
main symptom is coughing, may bring up yellow-grey mucus.

Question 13

smooth muscle hypertrophy and airway wall fibrosis

Answer 13

smooth muscle mass may or may not be increased in COPD
Airway.
chronic airway inflammation from cigarette smoke causes constriction and hypotrophy of even airway smooth muscle.

Question 14

bronchitis signs and symptoms

Answer 14

signs: chronic cough and sputum, exertional dyspnoea, overweight, often cyanotic
symptoms: fatigue.

Question 15

Emphysema signs and symptoms

Answer 15

signs: distended neck veins, weight loss, prolonged expiration
symptoms: distress

Question 16

asthma signs and symptoms:

Answer 16

signs: wheezing, exertional dyspnoea
symptoms: distress, tightness in the chest.

Question 17

asthma intrinsic causes

Answer 17

non- immune mechanisms for example cold air, temperature and exercise.

Question 18

asthma extrinsic causes

Answer 18

response to inhaled antigen
type 1 hypersensitivity reaction where antigen binds to igE on surface of Mast cells.
Mast cells “degranulate” releasing histamine locally.
airway smooth muscle contracts
attraction of other leukocytes to the site.
mucosal inflammation/oedema.

Question 19

cystic fibrosis

Answer 19

a multisystem disease
cause: mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)

Question 20

interstitial lung diseases examples

Answer 20

Bronchiolitis
alveolitis
vasculitis

Question 21

Bronchiolitis

Answer 21

inflammation of small airways(bronchioles)

Question 22

alveolitis

Answer 22

inflammation of the air sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the blood takes place.

Question 23

vasculitis

Answer 23

inflammation that involves the small vessels (capillaries)