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PE > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Pathway of air

A
  1. Passes through the mouth
  2. To the pharynx onto the larynx
  3. Trachea
  4. Right and left bronchus
  5. Bronchioles
  6. Alveoli
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2
Q
A
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3
Q

Structure to function of the alveoli

A
  • walls are very thin = short diffusion distance
  • large number of alveoli = large surface = higher O2 uptake
  • good blood supply = step concentration gradient
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4
Q

Muscles used during inspiration at rest

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostal muscles
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5
Q

Muscles used in inspiration during exercise

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostal muscles
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • scalenes
  • pectoralis minor
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6
Q

Muscles used during experation at rest

A

diaphragm
external intercostal muscles

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7
Q

Muscles used in experation during exercise

A

internal intercostal muscles
abdominals

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8
Q

Definition of minute ventilation

A

the volume of air inspired and expired per minute

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9
Q

Definition of tidal volume

A

volume of air breathed in and out per breath

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10
Q

Definition of inspiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

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11
Q

Definition of expiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that be forcibly expired after a normal breath

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12
Q

Definition of residual volume

A

volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration

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13
Q

Definition of spirometer

A

a device that is used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs

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14
Q

Definition of the partial pressure

A

the pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists

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15
Q

Why does the pressure in the muscles need to be lower than the blood

A

so oxygen can diffuse in from high to low

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16
Q

Diffusion pathway of oxygen in the alveoli to the blood vessels

A

100mmHg - 40mmHg

17
Q

Diffusion pathway of carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveoli

A

45mmHg to 40mmHg

18
Q

Definition of pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing

19
Q

What does the respiratory centre control

A

the rate and depth of the breaths

20
Q

Definition of expiratory centre

A

stimulates the expiratory muscles during exercise

21
Q

Definition of inspiratory centre

A

responsible for controlling inspiration and expiration

22
Q

How does the inspiratory centre work

A
  • sends impulses via the phrenic nerves to the inspiratory muscles(diaphragm and external intercostal muscles)
  • causes them to contract
  • this stimulation lasts for approx. 2 seconds and the impulse stops
23
Q

Control for the inspiratory centre

A
  1. receptors
  2. medulla
  3. phrenic nerve
  4. diaphragm and external intercostal muscels
24
Q

Control for expiratory centre

A
  1. receptors
  2. medulla
  3. intercostal nerve
  4. abdominals and internal intercostal muscles
25
Q

What do stretch receptors do

A

prevent over-inflation of the lungs by sending impulses to the expiratory centre, down the intercostal muscles, to the expiratory muscles

26
Q

What do the proprioreceptors do

A

provides feedback to the respiratory centre to increase breathing rate during exercise

27
Q

What do the barioreceptors do

A

detect decreased blood pressure in aorta and carotid artery to increase breathing rate

28
Q

Definition of respiration

A

taking in of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide

29
Q

Definition of internal respiration

A

exchange of gases between the blood and capillaries and body cells

30
Q

Definition of external respiration

A

gaseous exchange between the blood and the lungs

31
Q

Definition of cellular respiration

A

metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cell to obtain energy from fuels such as glucose

32
Q

What does smoking do to the lungs

A
  • irritates the trachae and bronchi
  • reduces lung function and increased breathlessness due to increased narrowing of the airway
33
Q

What happens if the cilia in the lungs is damaged

A
  • excess mucus can build up in the lung passages which leads to smokers cough
  • damage the alveoli as their walls break down and join together to form a large air space (reduce efficiency of gaseous exchange - leads to COPD)
34
Q

Definition of COPD (chronic obsrtuctive pulmonary disease)

A

long term progressive disease that causes shortness of breath
main cause is smoking

35
Q

Why do people that smoke become breathless

A

carbon monoxide binds to the haemoglobin more readily than oxygen
reduces oxygen carrying capacity of the blood which increases breathlessness

PE (12 decks)

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