learning theories Flashcards
Definition of learning
the more or less permanent change in performance that is associated with experiences in practice
Definition of performance
may be thought to be a temporary occurance that can change from time to time because of external and internal influences
What are the three stages of learning
- cognitive
- associative
- autonomous
Describe the cognitive stage
- movements may lack co-ordination
- performer needs time to think while using extrinsic feedback
- trial and error
- motor programme not developed
Describe the associative stage
- motor programmes start to form
- practice is used to perfect movement
- movement more smooth
- some trial and error
Describe the autonomous stage
- motor programmes fully formed
- completed efficiently and attention to detail
- must use open-loop control
- must continously stay in the phase
Definition of knowledge of results
concerns the outcome
Definition of knowledge of performance
- about the technique of the skill
What types of feedback are used in the cognitive stage
- extrinsic
- positive
- knowledge of results
What types of feedback are used in the associative stage
- mixture or extrinsic and intrinsic
- knowledge of performance
What types of feedback are used in the autonomous stage
- intrinsic
- negative
- knowledge of performance
What are the causes of plateau
- boredom
- lack of motivation
- limit of ability
- bad coaching
- fatigue
- injury
- low goals
Definition of the learning plateau
a period of time where there is no sign of improvement
Definition of drive reduction
performer has gained success on the task and intial drive to succeed has been lost
new task is needed to maintain motivation
Definition of intrinsic feedback
comes as a consquence of performing the action
feeling the task/skill
Definition of extrinsic feedback
derived from an outside source
supplied in addition to intrinsic feedback
How do you make feedback effective
- give it immediately
- set targets
- make sure it is recent
- make sure it is accurate
- appropriate to the performer
Advantages of visual guidance
- creates mental image
- highlights weaknesses
- builds motor programmes
Disadvantages of visual feedback
- must be accurate
- capable of copying
Advantages of verbal guidance
- highlight points
- technical and tactical help
- compliments the other guidance being used
Disadvantages of verbal guidance
- overload performer
- must be clear (can be misunderstood)
Advantages of manual guidance
- elimintaes danger
- early feel of motion
- confidence
Disadvantages of manual guidance
- interfere with kinaesthetic
- add pressure
- depend on guidance too much
- loose motivation
Advantages of mechanical guidance
- feel of whole skill
- confidence
- prevents injury
Disadvantages of mechanical guidance
- interfere with kinaesthetic
- motivation will be lost
What is the insight theory
- believe we learn skills trhough experiencing the whole skill rather than isolated parts
- believe kinaesthesis and the flow of skill is maintained and performer will gain a greater understanding of the task
What is the cognitive theory
- suggests performer has to think about what they are doing
- allows performer to be creative and develop strageries
Definition of operant conditioning
the shaping of behaviour by trial and error, which can help to strengthen or weaken the S-R bond
Definition of reinforcement
process causing behaviour to re-occur by strengthening/weakening the S-R bond
What is positive reinforcement
using rewards to increase the likelihood of the response
What is negative reinforcement
weakens the link between the stimulus and incorrect response
What is punishment
unpleasant and stimulus to stop incorrect actions
What does the Bandura theory include
- Attention
- Retention
- Motor production
- Motivation
