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cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Pathway of blood

A

Body - vena cava - RA - tricuspid valve - RV - pulmonary semi-lunar valve - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - LA - bicuspid valve - LV - aortic semi-lunar valve - aorta

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2
Q

Define myogenic

A

heart generates its own impulses

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3
Q

Pathway of the cardiac conduction system

A

SAN - AVN - bundle of His - branches - purjinkie fibres

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4
Q

Define systole

A

contract

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5
Q

Define diastole

A

relax

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6
Q

Role of AVN

A
  • impulse moves from SAN - AVN
  • delays transmission
  • allows atria systole and ventricles to fill up
  • sends signals to bundle of His
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7
Q

Define sympathetic nervous system

A

stimulates the heart to beat faster

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8
Q

Define parasympathetic nervous system

A

returns heart to resting heart rate

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9
Q

Define medulla oblongata

A

regulates process that keeps us alive such as breathing/ HR

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10
Q

What do chemoreceptors do

A
  • sense chemical changes
  • increased CO2 levels stimualtes sympathetic nervous system
  • increased HR
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11
Q

What do baroreceptors do

A
  • responds to increased arterial pressure = increased stretch of atria = decreased HR
  • decreased arterial pressure = decreased stretch of atria = increased HR
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12
Q

What do proprioreceptors do

A
  • detect muscle movement and increases HR
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13
Q

Define stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles in each contraction

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14
Q

Define venous return

A

volume of blood returning to the heart via the veins

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15
Q

Define ejection fraction

A

percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat

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16
Q

Starling’s Law

A

increased venous return
greater diastolic filling of heart
cardiac muscle stretched
more force of contraction
increased ejection fraction

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17
Q

Equation for ejection fraction

A

stroke volume/ end diastolic volume

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18
Q

Define HR

A

number of times the heart beats in a minute

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19
Q

Define cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles per minute

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20
Q

Equation of cardiac output

A

Q= SV x HR

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21
Q

Define cardiac hypertrophy

A

thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger = larger ventricle cavity

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22
Q

Define bradycardia

A

decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 bpm

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23
Q

What are the 4 main mechanisms for venous return

A

1) pocket valves
2) respiratory pump
3) muscle pump
4) smooth muscle

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24
Q

Describe how muscle pump works

A

during exercise working muscles will compress the veins during contraction and push blood back into the heart

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25
Q

Describe how respiratory pump works

A

increased respiration during exercise will increase/ change pressure in the thorax which pushes blood back into the heart

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26
Q

Describe how smooth muscle works

A

layer of muscle in the veins that contracts and pushes blood back up into the heart

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27
Q

Describe how pocket valves work

A

one way valves that stop the back flow of blood, thus maximising the volume of blood returning to the heart

28
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

occurs when coronary arteries that supply the heart musle with oxygenated blood become blocked/ narrow
cause a gradual build up of fatty deposists called ATHEROMA - process called ATHEROSCLEROSIS
as they narrow they cannot deliver enough oxygen to the heart causing pain called AGINA

29
Q

Process of build up of fatty deposists

A

atherosclerosis

30
Q

What is a pain in the heart

A

Angina

31
Q

Define high blood pressure

A

the force exerted by blood against the blood vessels

32
Q

What does high blood pressure do

A

puts extra strain on the heart
regular exercise decreases blood pressure - reduces systolic/ diastolic pressure

33
Q

LDL

A

low density lipoproteins
transport cholesterol in blood tissues and are classified as ‘bad’ cholesterol

33
Q

HDL

A

high density lipoproteins
transports excess cholesterol away from the heart back to the liver where it’s broken down
classified as ‘good’ cholesterol

34
Q

Define stroke

A

occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off casuing a brain injury so brain cells start to die

35
Q

Define ischaemic stroke

A

blood clot stops the blood supply to the brain

36
Q

Define haemorrhagic stroke

A

weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursts

37
Q

Cardiovascular drift process

A
  • in warm environment during exercise heart rate will increase to pump more blood to working muscles
  • this is compencated by less venous return = less ejection fraction = less cardiac stretch = less SV
  • plasma lost in sweat (vasodialition) so blood volume decreases
  • cardiac outuput maintained
38
Q

What are the two types of circulation

A
  1. pulmonary
  2. systemic
39
Q

Define pulmonary circulation

A

deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart

40
Q

Define systemic circulation

A

oxygenated blood to the body from the heart and then deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

41
Q

Equation of blood pressure

A

blood flow x resistance

42
Q

Why is it important for venous return

A
  • ensure oxygen is supplied to skeletal muscles
    at rest valves and smooth muscle is enough
  • demand for oxygen increases - skeletal pump + respiratory pump ensured VR is maintained
  • after exercise, cool down keeps them working/prevents blood pooling
43
Q

What does the skeletal muscle pump do in venous return

A

muscles contract/ relax they change shape so they press on nearby veins squeezing the blood back to the heart

44
Q

What does the respiratory pump do in venous return

A

during inspiration/ expiration the muslces contract = the changes of pressure occur in the thoraic (chest) and abdominal cavities
this compresses nearby veins and assists blood return

45
Q

What do pocket valves do in venous return

A

stops the back flow of blood so it travels directly back to the heart
once blood has passed through they contract and squeeze the blood up

46
Q

What happens to venous return with increased systolic pressure

A

increased venous return

47
Q

Equation for pressure gradient

A

venous pressure (Pv) - right atrial pressure (Pra) / venous vascular resistance (Rv)

48
Q

Definition for vascular resistance

A

the resistanec that must be overcome to push through the circulatory system

49
Q

What happens if there is increased venous resistance

A

decreased venous return and constricition of veins

50
Q

What is the pressure gradient like in peripheral veins and right atrium

A

very low as pressure gradient driving venous return to the heart is low

51
Q

How many oxygen molecules does haemoglobin carry

A

4 - when fully saturated

52
Q

Definition of myoglobin

A

iron containing muscle pigment in slow twitch fibres
stores oxygen in muscle fibres which can be used quickly (high affinity for O2)

53
Q

Definition of oxyhaemoglobin dissociation

A

release of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin to the muscles and tissues

54
Q

What direction does the curve during exercise move in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation graph

A

RIGHT

55
Q

Definition of the Bohr shift

A

an increase of blood carbon dioxide levels and a decrease in pH resulting in a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

56
Q

What are the three factors that increase dissocation of oxygen

A
  1. increased blood temperature = increased temp O2 dissociates more readily
  2. increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide = level of CO2 rises so does O2 level
  3. pH = more CO2 will lower blood pH a drop in pH will cause it to dissociate quicker
57
Q

Defintion of vascular shunt mechanism

A

the redistribution of cardiac output ( to the areas that need it )

58
Q

Why should performers not eat less than an hour before their race

A

a full gut results in more blood being directed to the stomach to break dwon the food isntead of the working muscles so less O2 is readily available

59
Q

What is blood pressure and blood flow controlled by

A

vasomotor centre (located in the medualla oblongta)

60
Q

What happens in the vasomotor centre during exercise

A

chemical changes occur (increase in CO2 and lactic acid) this is detected by the chemoreceptors
these stimualte the vasomotor centre so it redistributes blood flow through vasodilation and vasoconstriction

61
Q

Definition of A-VO2 diff

A

difference between the O2 content of the arterial blood arriving athe the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles

62
Q

What are pre-capillary sphincters

A

tiny rings of muscles located at the opening of capillaries

63
Q

What is A-VO2 diff like at rest

A

it is low

64
Q

What is A-VO2 diff during exercise

A

it is high

65
Q

Where does vasoconstriction and vasodiliation occur

A

arterioles

PE (12 decks)

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