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Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiratory system

A

It consist of a system of tubes that delivers air into lungs. Oxygen diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out. It is considered as a cardiopulmonary system
Collaborates with urinary system to regulate the body’s acid base balance

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2
Q

Primary function

A

Gas exchange
Communication
Olfaction- smell
Acid base balance
Blood pressure regulation
Blood and lymph flow
Blood filtration
Expulsion of abdominal contents

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3
Q

Principle organs

A

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

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4
Q

Zones of respiratory system

A

Conducting zone - air flow
Respiratory zone- gas exchange
Some authorities use
Upper and lower respiratory tract

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5
Q

The nose

A

Warm, cleans and humidifies inhaled air
Detects odour
Resonating chambers that amplifies noise

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6
Q

The pharynx (throat

A

The regions
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Larynogopharyx

All contribute to speech, breathing and swallowing

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7
Q

The larynx voice box

A

Primary function is to keep food and drink out of the air
Addition role: phonation the production of sound

Walk are muscular for swallowing and voice control

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8
Q

Epiglottis

A

Stops food and drink form reaching airway

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9
Q

Trachea (windpipe )

A

Rings of hyaline cartilage prevents tube from collapsing

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10
Q

Lung

A

Right lung
Smaller
Three lobes- superior middle and inferior

Left lung taller and narrower because of the heart
Has a indentation- cardiac impression
Two lobes inferior and superior

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11
Q

Bronchial tree

A

Branching system of air tubes in each lung
Right- slightly wider and more ventricle then left

Secondary lobar branches 3R and 2L
To segmental tertiary bronchi R=10 and L=8

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12
Q

Brochioles

A

Lack cartilage

Terminal brochioles

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13
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A

Considered the beginning of the respiratory zone since alveoli participate in gas exchange
Divide into alveoli ducts

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14
Q

Alveoli

A

150 million alveoli in each lung providing 70m2 of surface for gas exchange
Cells of alveolus
- squamous type 1 alveolar cells- allow for rapid gas diffusion
- great type 2 alveolar cells- prevent lung collapse and easier inflammation
- alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

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15
Q

Alveoli

A

Respiratory membrane consist of ;
- squamous alveolar cells
- endothe

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16
Q

Pleurae

A

Lines the thoracic wall and forms the surface of the lung

It creates the expansion of the lungs and therefore the drop in pressure when the diagram contracts

The pleural fluid function
1 reduce friction
Acts as a lubricant allowing lungs to expand and contract
2 create pressure gradient by expanding the lungs when we inhale
3 compartmentalisation separates

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17
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation

A

Breathing
Consist of a repetitive cycle: one cycle of inspiration (inhaling) and expiration ( exhaling)

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18
Q

What is respiratory cycle

A

One complete inspiration and expiration
- quiet respiration: while at rest effortlessly and automatic
- forced respiration: deep, rapid breathing such as during exercise

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19
Q

What do respiratory muscles do

A

Breathing muscles change lung volumes and create differences in pressure relative to the atmosphere

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20
Q

Diaphragm

A

Prime mover of respiration

Contraction flattens diaphragm enlarging thoracic cavity and pulling air into lungs

Relaxation allows diaphragm to bulge upwards again compressing the lungs and expelling air

Accounts for two thirds of airflow

Flattening=
- increases the superior to inferior dimension of the thoracic cage
- pushes sternum and ribs enlarging the anterior to posterior dimension

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21
Q

Internal intercostal respiratory muscle

A

Enable forced expiration by depressing the ribs

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22
Q

External intercostal respiratory muscle

A

Increase/ decrease the size of thorax
The enlargement of the thorax allow the lungs to expand and fill with air

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23
Q

Intercosta (internal and external intercostals)

A

Stiffens the thoracic cage during respiration

Prevents it from caving inward when diaphragm descends

Contribute to enlargement and contraction of thoracic cage

Add about one third of the air that ventilates the lungs

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24
Q

Scalenes respiratory muscles

A

Synergist to diaphragm
Quiet respiration hold ribs one and two stationary

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25
Neural control of breathing
Breathing depends on repetitive stimuli of skeletal muscles from brain - skeletal muscles cannot contract without nervous stimulation - breathing requires a coordination action of multiple muscles - ceases if nerve connections to thoracic muscles are servered
26
Respiratory centre controllled by two levels of the brain
Cerebral and conscious Autonomic and unconscious (medulla oblongata and pons)
27
Voluntary control
Sends impulses down corticosinal tracts to respiratory neurons in spinal cord, by passings brain stem Limits Breaking point when carbon dioxide levels rise to a point when automatic control overrides one’s will
28
Involuntary control
Respiratory nuclei in medulla oblongata Ventral respiratory groups basically just giving you the normal breathing cycle and then the dorsal respiratory group is taking information from receptors and providing more flexibility and changing based on those receptors Pons Pontine respiratory group modifies the rhythm of ventral respiratory group and the dorsal respiratory group. It adapts the breathing to special circumstances. It adapts breathing to special circumstance such as sleep exercise vocalisation and emotional responses
29
Sensory receptors
Central chemoreceptors Peripheral chemoreceptors Stretch receptors Irritant receptors
30
Atmospheric pressure drives respiration
760mm Hg at sea level or 1 atmosphere (1 atm) Lower at higher elevations
31
Boyles law
If the lungs contain a quantity of a gas and the lung volume increases, their internal pressure (intrapulmonary pressure) falls - if the air pressure falls below atmospheric pressure the air moves into the lungs If the lung volume decreases intrapulmonary pressure rises - if pressure rises above atmospheric pressure the air moves out of the lungs
32
Where does the voluntary control over breathing originate
Motor cortex of frontal lobe of the cerebrum
33
The dorsal, ventral and pontine respiratory group are all part of
Involuntary control over breathing
34
Which group serves as the primary generator of the respiratory rhythm
Ventral respiratory group
35
What role does the pontine respiratory group (PRG) play
Modifies the rhythm of VRG and DRG
36
What is the effect of an increas in resistance on the airflow rate in the lungs
Decrease airflow
37
What does the term pulmonary compliance refer to?
The ease of which the lungs expand and change volume
38
Charles law simple
Something that is warmer it gets bigger essentially
39
What is spirometry
Measurement of pulmonary ventilation Measurement of pulmonary volume and rate of expired airflow
40
What is spirometry useful for
Diagnosing lung disease, improvemen, deterioration Tests: -Vital capacity -Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec ( FEV 1) -FEV1/FVC RATIO
41
Respiratory volume and capacities (4main)
- tidal volume: volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle during quiet breathing (500mL) - inspiratory reserve volume: air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with max effort ( 3,000mL) - expiratory reserve volume: air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with max effort (1,200mL) - residual volume : air remaining in the lungs after max expiration (1300mL) - vital capacity: total amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled with max effort VC= ERV + TV + IRV (4700mL) - inspiratory capacity: maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration IC= TV+IRV(3500mL) - functional residual capacity: amount of air remaining in lungs after normal tidal expiration FRC=RV+ERV(2500mL) - total lung capacity: max amount of air the lungs can contain TLC=RV+VC(6000mL)
42
Look for in spirometry
Peak flow : max speed of expiration Minute respiratory volume: amount of air inhaled per minute Max voluntary ventilation: ventilation increases during heavy exercises
43
Composition of air
78.6% nitrogen 20.9% oxygen 0.04% carbon dioxide 0-4% water vapour, minor gases argon, neon, helium, methane and ozone
44
Deltons law
The total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of these individual gases Seperate contribution of each gas in a mixture (partial pressure [P])
45
Gas transport
The processs of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissue and vice versa Oxygen transport - 98.5% bound to hemoglobin -1.5% dissolved in plasma Carbon dioxide transport -90% is hydrated (carbonic acid) -5% bound to the amino group of plasma proteins - 5% dissolved in blood
46
Gas transport - oxygen
It is bound to hemoglobin Hemoglobin- molecule specialised in oxygen transport (4 protein [ globin] portions) Each with heme group which binds one O2 to the ferrous ion (Fe2+) One hemoglobin molecule can carry up to 4 O2
47
Systematic gas exchange
The gas is making its way from the blood into the tissues in your body. So it’s unloading of oxygen making its way out of the blood and is loading carbon dioxide into the blood from the tissue through the systemic capillaries We typically have one carbon dioxide that comes in for every one oxygen that goes out of the blood CO2 loading - CO2 diffuses into the blood - carbonic anhydrase in RBC catalyst CO2 + H2O -> H2 CO3 -> HCO3- H+ - chloride shift • keeps reaction proceeding, exchanges HCO3- for CI- • H+ binding to hemoglobin Oxygen unloading - H+ binding to HbO2 reduces its affinity for O2 • tends to make hemoglobin release oxygen
48
Alveolar gas exchange
We won’t oxygen coming into the blood and carbon dioxide coming out of the blood Reaction that occurs in ten lungs are reverse of systemic gas exchange
49
What is residual volume
Air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
50
What does peak flow measure
Maximum speed of expiration. Make someone blow as hard and fast as they can
51
What characterises an obstructive lung disease
Both FEV1 and FEV1 % are decreased
52
What is the principle of Dalton’s law as it applies to atmospheric pressure
The total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of individual gases
53
What is the definition of partial pressure
The seperate contributions of each gas in a mixture
54
How does the membrane thickness affect gas exchange in the alveoli
Thicker membrane makes it less efficient
55
What is the primary function of hemoglobin
Transport oxygen in the blood
56
How many oxygen molecules can one molecule of hemoglobin carry at maximum saturation
4
57
What happens through systemic gas exchange
The unloading of oxygen and loading of carbon dioxide at the systemic capillaries
58
What happens during alveolar gas exchange
The reactions are reverse of systemic gas exchange
59
Structures of the respiratory system- zone
1. Conducting zone: -nose - pharynx - trachea - primary bronchi - secondary (lobar) bronchi • 3R $ 2 L - tertiary (segmental) bronchi • 10R& 8L - terminal bronchioles 1. Respiratory zone - respiratory bronchioles - alveoli ( respiratory zone sure of gas exchange)
60
Larynx main function
Voice box allows u to talk
61
Function of respiratory system
Conducting zone - airflow Respiratory zone - gas exchange
62
Mechanics of respiration
1. Quiet breathing: A) inspiration: - active process - muscular contraction - prime mover: diaphragm - synergist: external intercostals B) expiration: - passive process - muscular relaxation/ recoil 1. Forced breathing: A) inspiration: - active process - prime mover: diaphragm - synergist: external/ internal intercostals, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, serrated anterior B) expiration - active process - recuts abdominal, internal intercostal
63
Mechanics of respiration
Respiratory control centres 1.medulla oblongata • dorsal respiratory group •ventral respiratory group 2. Pons • pontine respiratory group Laws of respiration ( pressure, resistance, airflow): 1. Boyles law • pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship, when temperature is held constant 2. Charles law • the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature, provided that the pressure and the amount of gas remain constant. 3. Dalton’s law • total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressure that each gas would exert 4. Ficks law • gas molecules diffuse across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
64
How do we measure the respiratory system?
Spirometry 1. Vital capacity • total volume 2. FEV1 • amount you can expire in 1 second 3. FEV1% •amount you can expire in one second as a ratio of capacity A) volume - tidal volume(TV) - inspiratory reserve volume - expiratory reserve volume - residual volume B). - total lung capacity - inspiratory capacity - vital capacity - functional residual capacity
65
Adjustments in gas exchange
1. Ambient pH ( Bohr effect) - promotes o2 unloading from hemoglobin to tissue 2. Partial pressure of oxygen (ambient PO2) 3. Temperature - an in temperature promotes oxygen unloading from hemoglobin 4. Bisphosphoglycerate(BPG) 5 Haldane effect

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