Homeostasis Flashcards
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
• Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body
• For cells to function normally and efficiently, the volume, temperature, and chemical content of ICF and ECF (variables) must remain within a narrow range
Negative feedback loop
Negative Feedback Loop
• How most systems are regulated
• Minimise deviations away from the set-point
• 3 components
- A receptor (origin)
- Control centre
- An effector (destination)
Positive feedback loop
Positive Feedback
• A self amplifying cycle
• Increases the change in the same
• Value deviates away from homeostatic limits or set point
Endocrine System Metabolic Integration
Metabolic regulation is needed to maintain energy balance and ensure cell function.
Endocrine Influences:
Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4): Produced by the thyroid gland, increase the metabolic rate, influence protein synthesis, and affect how the body uses fats and carbohydrates.
Insulin: Produced by the beta cells of the pancreas, promotes glucose uptake by cells, thereby lowering blood sugar. Also promotes fat storage and protein synthesis.
Glucagon: Produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas, promotes the conversion of stored glycogen in the liver into glucose, raising blood sugar.
Cortisol: Produced by the adrenal glands, raises blood sugar levels by promoting gluconeogenesis and reducing glucose uptake by
cells
Endocrine system effects on integumentary system
. So we have sex hormones that can affect the skin, pigment, pigmentation, particularly estrogen and progesterone. If you have increased amounts of that.en you might end up with like own face, patches. body, hair velopment as well. So if you have increase in androgen, so male x hormones.you have an increase in facial hair and increase in chest and back hairEstrogen is going to decrease the thickness and coarseness of hair.
So wherewe see this direct link between the endocrine systemand the intercumetary system.
Also. androgen stimulate the growth of apocryin glands or type of sweat, gland.and fat deposition is going to be different where fat actually sits on someone’s body where they have buildups ofon fat is going to be different, depending on levels of estrogen and testosterone. There’s also other hormones that aren’t kind of mentioned there, but things likethyroid hormone. If you have issues with thyroid hormone, you can have issues with skin hydrationcortisol issues can givegive issues with acne, etc., so thatthey’re intrinsically linked.
Endocrine system on skeletal and muscular system
bunch of hormones that play a pretty big role indevelopment of both bone and muscle. And we know that if someone. for instance, people taking human growth, hormone or testosterone is pretty common to try and stimulate muscle growth as far as a form of doping.but we also have other hormones that help with bone development, things like calcitron andhuman growth, hormone, etc.
Insulin, like we said before, regulates metabolism, which means it regulates the metabolism of muscle tissue.And then we also have other hormones that affect electrolyte bones inside everybody.
Endocrine on nervous system
. Now the endocrine system directly affects the nervous system, and it can use negative feedback loops and be a part of negative feedback loopsthat affect the hypothalamus. So
we canhave the sending of hormones towards or sorry. The endocrine systemcan send signals via hormones to the hypothalamus and the hypothalamuscan reduce hormone production, production and secretion as well.we have a bunch of hormones that can affect nervous system development, things like thyroid hormone, some sex hormones, growth hormone.and can also affect mood and behaviour, and I’m sure you would have seen before that people who are doping are more likely to have mood and behavioural issues due tosome of these, due to what hormones they areusing. and then, finally, electoral balance. Again.
Endocrine on circulatory system
obviously hormones are carried in the blood. So this last point is probably quite obvious that the endocrine system and circuitry system are intrinsically linked because hormones are going tobe transported through blood, so through the soaked through system. But also we have hormones that can regulate some aspects of the cardiovascular system. So, for instance, Angiotensin tocan cause Vaso constriction. and that versa constriction can lead to an increase in blood pressure.
But Angiotensin 2, also secret stimulates the secretion of aldosterone . Aldosterone is produced by the adrenal glands andpromote sodium retention in the kidneys which can lead to water retention, and therefore an increase in blood volume and an increase in blood pressure.and heart rate itself can also be influenced by hormone. So if we think of something like
epinephrine or Norepinephrine, where we’re.If you imagine you have an adrenaline response to
something, you have that part of white response. That part of flight response is typified by the elevated heart rate.That you see so. Your your heart starts to play fast when you’re scared.That’s a hormonal response that’s affecting the circuitry system.
Directly.
Endocrine system on the reproductive system
probably the most important thing that we’re thinking about.
Here are the important types of hormones, the things like gonadotropin, which arehormones that are going to stimulate the gonads. So testes in males, ovaries, and females to regulate the productionof eggs in the production of and maturation of sperm. And then you also have sex steroids. So things like antigens, like testosterone or estrogens, as well as progesterone.on the reproductive system.
Lymphatic and immune system effects on integumentary system
have a direct connection with the integratory system, because both systems are kind of working together to defend the body against pathogen. Sothe skin is there providing that barrier the first line of defense against pathogens, and also providing some chemical barrier to pathogens.there’s also antigen presenting cells in the skin. So thinking back to the lymphatic and immune system, those antigen presenting cellskind of capture pathogens and present them to T cells in the lymphatic system to initiate a immune response.And then, if we have issues with our immune system, then we can have issues with our skin. So autoimmune diseases can cause blistering and can cause erosion of the skinand erosion of the mucus membranes, and we can also have hypersensitivity as a result of immune issues. So, for instance, hives, so hives arered itchy welts that you might get on your skin or dermatitis, where we have inflammation. The skin itself can cause can be caused by an exaggerated, immune response So people who are allergic to things, they they would have this type of sensitivity.So the skin itself is obviously a common sight of those types of inflammation we might see redness and warmth and swelling, etc. In the skin.
Lymphatic and immune system effects on skeletal and muscular system
lymphosynthes and macrophages themselves, which
areimportant obviously, to the immune system, arise from the bone marrow.and the skeleton also plays a bit of a protective role so protecting the thymus and the spleen. If we think of what the muscular system is doing, contraction of skeletal muscle helps move length through lymphatic vesic vessels.And then we also have autoimmuneissues from the immune system that can directly affect this skeletal system and the muscular system. And, for instance, my senior gravest, that you see there is a autoimmune disorderwhere antibodies are going to target the neuromuscular junction. And so we end up withmuscular issues there
Lymphatic and immune system effects on endocrine system
Lymph itself can transport some hormones.
So most are transported through circuitry system that can also make their way through lymph and get around your body that way.
Thymus- hormones form thymus can stimulate development of lymphatic organs and T cells and stress hormones can decrease immunity and increase your susceptibility ofinfections. And I’m sure you would have heard of that happening before where someone who has a chronically elevated stress response by someone stressed all the time, starts to becomesusceptible to disease. They have an increased susceptibility to infection.You can also have some autoimmunity and endocrine issues where where the autoimmunity issue is going to cause an endocrine problem. For instance, type one diabetes where the immune system might attack and destroy insulin producing cells, so we can no longer produce insulinor type to hyper sensitivity where we have a growth of the thyroid gland leading to overstimulation of thyroid.
Called toxic nodular goiters
Lymphatic and immune system effects on circulatory system
Lymphatic and immune systems effects on the circuit through system. Now, so lymphatic return fluid that makes its way through the lymphatic system obviously makes its way back into the bloodstreamand the spleen.Through that process the spleen disposes of expired red blood cells.and prevents accumulation of debris in the blood. So the lymphatic system called being like a filtering service for your circuitry system.Blood can also transport immune cells. So playing an immune role that way, and you can also have autoimmune disorders. So problems with your immune system that can affect your circulatory system. For instance,rheumatic fever, where you have an autoimmune problemfrom an infection and an immune response can mistakenly attack your own body tissues, for example, your heart failures.
Lymphatic and immune system effect of urinary and digestive system
lymphatics themselves absorb fluids and proteins in the kidney, so lymphatic vessels are present in around the kidney, and they help absorb any excess fluid and protein that can escape from blood vessels.But both the urinary system and the lymphatic system kind of play that waste elimination and balance role.
Sothe urinary system can eliminate, waste and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance to allow for immune and lymphatic function to occur properly.and lymphatic vessels in the digestive system can the source of absorption of lipids and fat, soluble vitamins.which I’m sure yeah, which we went through when we we did digestive system
Circulatory system effects on integumentary system
While we’re going through this kind of flow. So the circulatory system integration with integrity system, thermal blood flow helps affect split production. So, having bloodblood vessels in the Dermis supply the nutrients and oxygen to skin cells. And they we also have vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the dermis to allow us to regulate body temperature. So if really hot, and you need to dissipate heat. Then you’ll have vaso dilation of your dermis where you more blood goes to your skin to allow you to dissipate that heat more easily.
