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A n P 2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Organs in endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid and parathyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis

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2
Q

What does exo in exocrine glands mean

A

Exo= outer, external

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3
Q

What does endo mean in endocrine glands

A

Endo= inside, internal

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4
Q

What does endocrine glands do

A

Secrete products onto epithelial surfaces

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5
Q

What does endocrine glands do

A

Secrete into the bloodstream

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6
Q

Examples of exocrine glands

A

Sweat glands
Salivary glands

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7
Q

Example of endocrine glands

A

Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland

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8
Q

Why does liver act as both

A

Exocrine function: secretes bile into ducts that lead to small intestine

Endocrine function: secretes hormones into blood to aid blood clotting

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9
Q

How does communication differ from nervous and endocrine system

A

Nervous system: communicates by means of electrical impulses and neurotransmitters
Endocrine system: communicates by hormones.

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10
Q

What does the hypothalamus do

A

Regulates primitive functions:
- water balance
- thermoregulation
- sex drive
- child birth
Most of its functions are carried out by the pituitary gland

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11
Q

What are the two structures of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary

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12
Q

What is the endocrine system itself

A

Organs communicate to coordinate their activities for the body to function as a whole

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13
Q

How does the endocrine system communicate

A

Hormones

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14
Q

What is homeostasis

A

It’s the ability to detect change and to activate mechanisms that oppose that change so that we can maintain relatively stable internal environment. So we are trying to set dynamic equilibrium around some sort of set point. Meaning that it’s the body’s way of making continual adjustments so that we’re staying close to whatever the set point is in the human body.

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15
Q

Feedback loops what are the two

A

Negative and positive feedback loops

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16
Q

Example of positive feedback loop

A

Self amplifying- childbirth, blood clotting

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17
Q

Communication in the human body what are the four

A

Gap junction- pores in cell membrane allow signaling molecules, nutrients and electrolytes to move from cell to cell
Neurotransmitters- released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell
Paracrines- secreted by one cell and they diffuse to near by cell in the same tissues
Hormones- Chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs. Since they are in the bloodstream they have the capacity to effect organs that are away from each other.

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18
Q

Do exocrine glands have ducts true or false

A

True

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19
Q

Endocrine glands- have ducts or ductless

A

Ductless

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20
Q

Exocrine extracellular effects

A

Food digestion

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21
Q

Endocrine glands intracellular effects

A

Cell metabolism
Fenestrated capillaries (large pores)
Allows easy uptake of hormones

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22
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located

A

Directly under the hypothalamus

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23
Q

Since the anterior pituitary has no direct nervous connection to the hypothalamus, it’s connected by blood vessels. How does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary

A

Via hormones

24
Q

Anterior pituitary gland hormones either stimulate= releasing hormones or suppress= inhibiting hormones. How many are there

A

6 hormones

25
Q

Posterior pituitary has two hormones that can be released on demand. What are the example of these hormones

A

Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone

26
Q

The 6 anterior pituitary hormone
Number 1 - FSH

A
  1. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
    - secreted by the gonadotrophic cells which target the ovaries or testies
    - stimulates:
    • secretion of ovarian sex hormones and development of follicles that contain egg
    • sperm production
27
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones
Number 2 - LH

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- secreted by gonadotropic cells
- stimulates
• ovulation (release of an egg)
• corpus luteum to secrete progesterone which is important during pregnancy
• secretion of testosterone

28
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones
Number 3 TSH or thyrotropin

A

Thryroid-stimulating hormone or thyrotropin
- secreted by thyrotropic cells
- stimulates
• growth of the thyroid gland and release’s thyroid hormone, which has a very wide range effects in the body including effects on metabolic rate and body temperature

29
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones
Number 4 ACTH or corticotropin

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- secreted by corticotropic cells
- targets adrenal cortex
- stimulates
• adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol) which regulates glucose, protein, and fat metabolism and is also released in response to stress

30
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones
Number 5 PRL

A

Prolactin
- secreted by prolactin cells
- role : lactation
• it stimulates lactotropes to increase in size and number during pregnancy
• stimulates production of milk following birth

31
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones
Number 6 GH or somatotropin

A

Growth hormone
- secreted by somatotropic cells ( most hormone that is being produced in the anterior pituitary gland as it produces 1000x more then any other hormone)
- stimulates
• mitosis and cell differentiation which allows for tissue growth
• in the liver it stimulates the production of growth stimulants such as insulin like growth factors
• liver to produce growth stimulants which is important in
~ protein synthesis
~ lipid metabolism
~ carbohydrate metabolism
~ electrolyte balance

32
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones
Number 1 ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone
Function:
- increase water retention by the kidneys: does this by reducing urine volume and preventing dehydration
- function as a brain neurotransmitters. It causes vasoconstriction but this is very rare

33
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones
Number 2 OT

A

Oxytocin
- increases during orgasm
~ feelings of sexual satisfaction and bonding
- stimulates:
• labour contractions during childbirth
• flow of milk in lactation
- promotes emotional bonding between mother and infant

34
Q

Hypothalamic control enables the brain to monitor conditions and stimulate/ inhibit release of hormones of the anterior lobe. What is an example of this

A

Eg stress triggers ACTH= cortisol secretion and mobilisation of material for tissue repair

35
Q

Posterior pituitary is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes. Release hormone in response to signals from nervous system. Example of this is

A

Suckling triggers oxytocin which releases milk
Dehydration triggers ADH to promote water conservation
Neuroendocrine reflexes can involve higher brain centres ( lactation hearing the baby cry)

36
Q

What does thymus do

A

Plays a role in three systems:
- endocrine
- lymphatic
- Immune

Site if maturation of T cells important in immune defense
- secretes hormones ( thymoloitin, thymosin and thymulin) that stimulates development of other lymphatic organs and activity of T lymphocytes

37
Q

Hormones released by thyroid

A

90% thyroxine (T 4
10% triiodothyronine ( T3

38
Q

Primary function of thyroid gland

A
  • metabolic rate
  • o2 consumption
  • heat production = calorigenic effect
  • appetite
  • growth hormone secretion
  • alertness, quicker reflexes
  • growth of bones , skin, hair and teeth
39
Q

Parathyroid gland what hormone does it secrete

A

It secretes parathyroid hormone ( PTH) when calcium levels become to low

40
Q

What are the adrenal glands two feral glands

A

Adrenal cortex and medulla formed by merger of two fetal glands with different origins and functions

41
Q

The medulla ( apart of adrenaline)

A

It is 10-20% of the gland. It is innovated by the sympathetic nerve fibres which are stimulated and then cause the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine which are our adrenaline neurotransmitters. As well as release dopamine into the blood stream.

42
Q

The medulla ( apart of adrenaline) do within the body

A
  • increase alertness; prepare body for physical activity and mobilise high energy fuels( lactate, fatty acids and glucose)
  • adrenal catecholamines increase HR and BP, ventilation, circulation to the muscles and metabolic rate
  • inhibit digestion and urine production so not to compete blood flow and energy
43
Q

The adrenal cortex

A

It surrounds the adrenal medulla and is the outer part of the adrenal glands. It’s the remaining 80-90% so most of the adrenaline. It produces 25 steroid hormones called corticosteroids or corticoids.

44
Q

The layers of the adrenal cortex are

A

Zona glomerulosa (thin outer layer)
- secretes mineralocorticoids ( regulate the body’s electrolyte balance

Zona fasciculata (thick middle layer)
- cells arranged in fascicles
- secretes glucocorticoids and androgens (sex steroids)

Zona reticularis ( narrow, inner layer)
- secretes glucocorticoids and androgens

45
Q

Hormones secreted from adrenal cortex

A

Mineralocortocoids
- regulates electrolyte balance
- aldosterone stimulates Na+ retention and K+ excretion, water is retained with sodium by osmosis, so blood volume and blood pressure are maintained
- a fall in blood pressure stimulates the release of aldosterone by a mechanism called Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ( RAAS)

Glucocorticoids
- regulates metabolism of glucose and other fuels
-cortisol: stimulates fat and protein catabolism in the process called gluconeogenesis ( glucose from amino acids and fatty acids ) this conversion of amino acids and fatty acids into glucose, so that then the glucose can be used as energy to create atp.
- helps body adapt to stress and repair tissues
- glucocorticoids can be used as an anti-inflammatory but with long term use might actually cause some immune suppression

46
Q

Pancreatic islets

A

They are endocrine cell clusters located in the pancreas
Secrete hormones responsible for the regeneration of glycemia ( blood glucose)
Three main types of pancreatic cells- alpha (~20%), beta (~70%), delta (~10%).
Respond to blood nutrient levels/cycle of eating and fasting

47
Q

Pancreatic islets - beta

A

Insulin secreted by B or Beta cells
- secreted during and after meals when glucose and amino acid blood levels are rising
- stimulates cells to absorb these nutrients and store or metabolise them lowing blood glucose levels
- amylin: secreted with insulin to reduce spikes in BGL; stimulate sense of satiety

48
Q

The pancreatic islets - alpha

A

Glucagon- secreted by A or alpha cells
- released between meals when blood glucose concentration is falling
- in liver, stimulates gluconeogensis, glycogenolysis and the release of glucose into the circulation raising blood glucose level
- stimulates fat catabolism and secretions with increased amino acid levels( eg after high protein meals)

49
Q

The pancreatic islets delta

A

D cells or delta cells secrete somatostatin
- growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
- it works with amylin to limit the secretion of stomach acid

50
Q

The gonads

A

Ovaries and testes are both endocrine and exocrine
- exocrine product: whole egg- eggs and sperm ( cytogenic glands)
- endocrine product: gonadal hormones mostly steroids
- inactive in childhood; regulation by growth hormones through puberty/adulthood

51
Q

The gonads - ovarian hormones

A

Estradiol, progesterone: develop reproductive system, feminine physique, promote bone growth, regulate menstrual cycle, sustain pregnancy/ prepare lactation

Inhibin: suppress follicle simulating hormone via negative feedback loop to anterior pituitary gland

52
Q

The gonads testicular hormone

A

Testosterone, weaker androgens, estrogen and inhibin

Stimulates development of the male reproductive system and sex drive

53
Q

What do chemical hormones do

A
  • chemical messengers that circulate in blood , acting in target cells and diffuse through interstitial fluid, acting locally on nearby cells
  • role in homeostasis by: regulating muscle cell activity, controlling glandular secretion, altering metabolism and promoting growth and development
54
Q

What are theee chemical classes or hormones

A

Steroids
- derived from cholesterol
- secreted by gonads and adrenal glands
- common ones include estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, DHEA and calcitriol

Monoines
- derived from amino acids
- secreted by adrenal, pineal and thyroid glands
- epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin and thryroid hormone

Peptides and glycoproteins
- created from chains of amino acids
- secreted by pituitary and hypothalamus
- oxytocin , antidiuretic hormone, releasing and inhibiting hormone, and anterior pituitary hormone

55
Q

Hormone transport

A

Most monoamines and peptides are HYDROPHILIC ( poorly lipid soluble)
- mix easily with blood plasma

Steroids and thyroid hormones are HYDROPHOBIC (lipid soluble)
- don’t mix easily with blood plasma therefore have to bind to hydrophilic transport proteins to get them into the blood stream

A n P 2 (16 decks)

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