Circulatory Sytem- Blood

Question 1

What is haematology

Question 2

Function of blood

Answer 2

1 transport
2 protection
3 regulations

Variation in volume 4-6L
1 body size
2 changes in fluid concentration
3 changes I electrolyte concentration
4 amount of adipose tissue

Question 3

Blood made up of

Answer 3

Formed elements
- platelets
- Red blood cells
- white blood cells

Plasma

Question 4

Blood plasma

Answer 4

92% water

Includes transporting nutrients gases and vitamins

Helps regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and maintain pH

Question 5

Plasma proteins

Answer 5

These are the most abundant dissolved substances (solutes) in plasma

Formed by the liver
• expect globulin ( produced in plasma cells)

Three major categories
1 albumins
2 globulin
3 finruions?

Question 6

Gases and nutrients

Answer 6

Most important- oxygen and carbon dioxide

Plasma nutrients include
Amino acids
Simple sugars
Nucleotide
Lips

Question 7

Plasma electrolytes

Answer 7

They are absorbed from the intestine or released as a by product of cellular metabolism

Question 8

Blood cells

Answer 8

All start with hematopoietic stem cells

Question 9

Formation of blood cells

Answer 9

Red bone marrow
- connective tissue in cavities between the trabeculae (spongy bone)
- surrounded by sinusoids for nutrients and mean of exist for formed blood cells

Stem cell
- can

Question 10

Erythrocytes

Answer 10

Carry o2 and co2 (survival)

Lack of nuclei and mitochondria
- able to squeeze through capillaries
- anaerobic fermentation only

One third hemoglobin
- oxyhemoglobin
- de oxyhemoglobin

Question 11

Red blood cell production and its control

Answer 11

Low blood oxygen causes the kidneys and the liver to release erythropoietin which stimulates red blood cell production
Within a few days many new blood cells appear in the circulating blood
Negative feedback mechanisms takes 3-5 days and four major development
- reduced cell size, increasss cell number, symp

Question 12

Erthropoiesis = erythrocytes

Question 13

Effect red blood cell production

Answer 13

Iron

Vitamins b12 and folic acid
- required for dna synthesis

Question 14

White blood cells - leukocytes

Answer 14

Protects against disease

Five types of wbc in two categories
1 granulocytes(granules)
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
-Basophils
2 agranulocycytes
-

Question 15

Blood platelets

Answer 15

Platelets ( thrombocytes)
Lack neucleus
1/2 size rbc

Function
- secrete vasoconstriction
Form platelet plugs
Secrete a clotting factor
Clot dissolving enzyme
Secrete chemicals for inflammation

Question 16

Hemostasis

Answer 16

Stop bleeding process
- vascular spasm
- platelets plug formation
-blood clotting (coagulation)

Vascular spasm
- constr

Question 17

Extrinsic clotting mechanism

Answer 17

Chemical outside of blood vessel triggers blood coagulation

Triggered when blood contacts damaged blood vessel walls or tissues

Example of a positive feedback mechanism

Question 18

Intrinsic clotting mechanism

Answer 18

Chemical inside blood triggers blood coagulation

Activated by blood trauma

Triggered by hageman factor XII

Has a cascade of clotting factors

Question 19

Blood groups and transfusions

Answer 19

Antigens - a chemical that stimulates cells to produce antibodies

Antibodies- a protein that reacts against a specific antigen

Agglutination- clumping of red blood cells in response

Question 20

Rh blood group

Answer 20

Group includes several Rh antigens or factors
-~ 85% Rh+
- 15% Rh-

Question 21

Study of blood is

Answer 21

Hematology

Question 22

Function of circulatory system

Answer 22

Transport
- oxygen to body
- carbon dioxide to the lungs
- nutrients
- hormones

Protection
- platelets for blood clotting
- white blood cells
- limit the spread of infection

Regulation
- heat
- fluid levels
- ph

Question 23

Components of blood

Answer 23

Plasma-(55%)

Formed elements (45%)
- platelets
-red blood cell ( erythrocytes)
- white blood cells (leukocytes)
• granulocytes
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
• agranulocytes
- lymphocytes
- monocytes

Question 24

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) structure and function

Answer 24

Two functions
• pick up oxygen from the lungs and deliver to tissues
•pick up carbon dioxide from tissue and deliver to lungs

Contain hemoglobin that transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide and gives blood is red colour

Includes glycolipids on the outer surface that determines blood type

No mitochondria no nucleus

Question 25

Platelets

Answer 25

Function
- secrete vasoconstriction
- form platelet plugs
-Secrete a clotting factor
- clot dissolving enzyme
- secrete chemicals for inflammation
- destroy bacteria
- secrete growth factors

Question 26

The heart two major divisions

Answer 26

Pulmonary circuit: right side of heart

Systemic system: left side of heart

Question 27

Heart chambers

Answer 27

Right and left atria
Right and left ventricle

Question 28

Heart three layers

Answer 28

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

Question 29

Plasma proteins

Answer 29

Albumum accounts for 60% of the plasma proteins. Its main function is to assist in the maintenance of colliod osmotic pressure.

Whereas globulin account for 36% and can be further broken up into three sub-categories; alpha globulins beta globulins and gamma globulins. The alpha and beta transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, whereas the gamma constitute the antibodies of immunity

fibrinogen makes up the remaining 4% and plays a key role in blood coagulation