Respiratory System Flashcards
What is the respiratory system?
network of organs that allow us to breathe and provide other structures with oxygen
Connection to cardiovascular system
they both work together to supply oxygen and eliminate co2
Additional roles of the respiratory system
speech
blood pH
filtration
elimination
Divisions of the respiratory system
conducting and respiratory zone
Conducting zone parts
nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal broncioles
Respiartory zone
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
pulmonary alveoli
What is mucosa
lines the conducting zone structures
filters and conditions air
made of epithelium, connectve tissue, mucous
Key features and functions of mucosa
mucous-outer layer to trap
cilia-to sweep
goblet cells-produce mucous layer
epithelium-ciliated, pseudo stratified columnar
basement membrane-seperate connective and epithelial
lamina propria-connect tissue
The nose and nasal cavity
frontal
nasal
ethmoid
cartilage
maxilla
palatine
vomer
sphenoid
Paranasal sinuses
produce mucous, resonate sound, condition air, decrease weight of skull
4-frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, maxillary
The pharynx
“throat”
funnel-shaped tube
passage of air and food function and resonates sound
3 divisions-nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynogopharynx
The larynx
voice box
shot passageway from pharynx to trachea
contains the epiglottis, thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage and vestibular folds and vocal folds
The trachea
“windpipe”
air passageway from larynx to bronchi
contains C-shaped cartilaginous rings
anterior to esophagus
seperated by left and right bronchi (carina)
The bronchi and bronchioles
primary bronchi-left and right division of trachea
entry to lung
right is shorter and wider
secondary bronchi-lobar bronchi 1 per lobe
tertiary bronchi-10 per lung
bronchioles-division of tertiary bronchi
progressively get smaller in diameter = terminal bonchi
The lungs
in the thoracic cavity
paired cone-shaped organs
seperated by the heart (pericardial cavity)
each lung is enclosed by pleural membrane
Pleural membranes
parietal-lines thoracic cavity
visceral pleua-adheres to lung
pleural cavity is between the 2 membranes to reduce friction
Lung surfaces
apex-top
costal surface-where costal cartilage is
mediastinal surface-middle
base-diaphragmatic surface
the lungs and their lobes
right lung has 3 lobes and 2 fissures (superior, middle and inferior lobes) with horizontal fissure and oblique fissure)
left lung has 2 lobes and 1 fissure (only oblique)
Long hilum
entry to lung
contains pulmonary artery, primary bronchi
pulmonary veins
Thoracic cavity
lungs sit within the thoracic cavity
rib age protects lungs vaccum inside your chest cavity
Pulmonary Ventilation
physical movement of air into and out of the lungs (inhale and exhale)
functions a continuous supply of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide
Rules of ventilation
volume and pressure are inversely related
volume of lungs is dependent on the volume of the thoracic cavity
the thoracic cavity volume is dictated by the muscles of inspiration and expiration
Rule of entilation regarding gases
Gases move from aea of high pressure to low pressure
Gases moving at rest, upon inhalation and exhalation
at rest: atmosphere pressure=pressure in lungs
inspiration: atmospheric pressure is greater than lung pressure
expiration: atmospheric pressure is less than pressure in lungs
Inspiration
increase in thoracic volume
decrease in lung pressure, pulling in air
quiet and deep are 2 types
Expiration
decrease in thoracic volume
increase in lung pressure, air expelled
passive and active are 2 typea
Muscles of inspiration
diaphragm
scalenes
external intercostals
Diaphragm
bounded between thoaric cavity and abdominal cavity
action during quiet and deep inspiration contracts to increases volume of thoracic cavity and expand lungs
Superificial muscles in ribs
fingers run towards pockets for external intercostals
these elevate the ribcage and sternum to increase volume of the thoracic cavity
Passive expiration
no muscle contraction involved
muscles of inspiration return to resting position
recoil of lungs forces air out
Muscles of forced expiration
external oblique
internal oblique
transverse abdominis
rectus abdominis
Internal intercostals
deep to external intercostals
fibers run towards opposite shoulder
action during forced expiration is it depressed the rib cage and sternum to decrease volume of the thoracic cavity
Abdominal muscles
action during forced expiration
abdominal muscles will move the diaphragm up and depress the rib cage to decrease volume of the thoracic cage
Summary of breathing
inspiraory muscles contract
thoracic volume increases
lungs expand
intrapulmonary pressure drops
pressure in lungs is less than atmosphere
air flows in
pressure in lungs will reach 0
triggers expiration
lungs recoil
diaphragm and chest wall relaxe
thoracic volume decreases
intrapulmonary pressure ruses
pressure in lungs greater than atmosphere
air is forced out of lungs
Respiratory portion
primary site of gas exchange (oxygen into blood stream
carbon dioxide out of blood stream
capillary network surrounding alveolus
large surface area and thin membrane allow for maximun gas exchange
Alveoli
type 1 pneumocytes-simple squamous epithilium of alveoli, the thin walls allow for gas exchange
Elastic fibers-allow the alveoli to stretch and recoi
Type 2 pneumocytes (septal cells) produce surfactant:oily substance that reduces surface tension, also this prevents the collapse of alveoli
Alveolar macrophage
“dust cells”
phagocytose particles
The respiratory membrane
- capillary endothelium
- fused basement membranes
- alveolar epithelium (type 1 pneumocytes)
(this is where gas exchange occurs)
External Respiration (pulmonary)
exchange between the body’s fluids and the external environment (pulmonory circuit and alveoli)
oxygen enters the blood from alveoli via inhalation
carbon dioxide exits blood into alveoli via exhalation
blood gains 02 and loses CO2
Internal respiration
gas exchange between the systemic circuit and cells of the body
oxygen exits blood from capillary to tissue in need
carbon dioxide exits tissue into capillary
blood loses oxygen and gains carbon dioxide
Blood supply
circulatory system
systemic circuit- between heart and body
pulmonary circuit-between heart and lungs
Systemic circuit
blood becomes deoxygenated at body tissues
deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart through the SVC and IVC
oxygenated blood exits the heart through the aorta
travels to body tissue in need of oxygen
Pulmonary circuit
pulmonary artery, carries deoxygenated vlood (righ in co2) from the heart to the lungs, exhale co2 at lungs
pulmonary vein-carried oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Circulatory System Review
tissue uses oxygen
deoxygenated blood through vena cava to right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
blood travels back to the heart via the pulmonary vein
enters left atrium
left ventricle
exits heart at aorta
oxygenated vlood to tissues in need
