Endocrine System

Question 1

Exocrine

Answer 1

Glands secrete into ducts that empty onto an epithelium that lines a surface
E.g. sweat, sebaceous, mucous and digestive glands

Question 2

Endocrine

Answer 2

glands secrete into the interstitial fluid that then diffuses into blood capillaries
E.g pituitary and thyroid glands

Question 3

What are hormones?

Answer 3

molecules that alter the physiological activity of other cells in the body
Powerful effects even when present in very low concentrations

Question 4

How do hormones work?

Answer 4

The endcrine cells release the hormones into interstitial fluid(the fluid that surrounds the cells)
The hormones then diffuse into the blood stream
Then, hormones bind to the target cells that are located far away

Question 5

What are some hormone secreting organs

Answer 5

pancreas
ovaries
testes

Question 6

Nervous system features

Answer 6

neurotransmitters
released locally
close to site of release
short term effect and they release in milliseconds
targets muscle fibers, gland cells and other neurons

Question 7

Features of endocrine system

Answer 7

hormones are delivered globally
far from site of release is the target
long term effects, takes a while to be released
targets cells throughout the body

Question 8

Hypothalamus

Answer 8

It is inferior to the thalamus
neuroendcrine hormone
controls the pituitary gland

Question 9

Pituitary gland

Answer 9

pea-shaped
lies in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
master endocrine gland
secretes several hormones that control other endocrine glands

Question 10

What are the different parts of the pituitary gland?

Answer 10

anterior lobe-indirectly
-pars distalis-larger bulbar portion
-pars tuberalis-sheath around infundibulum
7 hormones

posterior lobe-directly
-pars nervosa-larger bulb portion
-infundibulum-stalk portion
2 hormones

-pars intermedia, not present in adults and it seperates the 2 lobes

Question 11

Hypothalamic Regulation

Answer 11

transports 2 hormones to the posterior pituitary

then secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituitary

Question 12

Releasing hormone

Answer 12

turn it up
the hypothalamus sends out a releasing hormone, that hits the anterior pituitary, which then sends out hormones that turn up the action of the target hormone

Question 13

Inhibiting hormone

Answer 13

the hypothalamus sends out inhibiting hormone
the anterior pituitary receives this and sends out inhibiting hormones to target organ

Question 14

What is the portal veins

Answer 14

connect 2 capillary plexuses

Question 15

What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary

Answer 15

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Lutenizing hormone (LH)
Adrenocrticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
E MElanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Growth hormone (GH)

Question 16

Growth hormone

Answer 16

stimulates body growth
increases protein synthesis

Question 17

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 17

the more hormone the less your thyroid has to work

Question 18

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Answer 18

initiates oocytes development and indices estrogen secretions

and it stimulates sperm production in males

Question 19

Luteinizing hormone

Answer 19

in females in stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation
stimulates the secretion of testosterone

Question 20

Prolactin

Answer 20

initiates milk production in mammary lobes

Question 21

Adrenocrticotropic hormone

Answer 21

increases glucose production (in kidney)

Question 22

Melanocyte-stimulting hormone

Answer 22

excess of this causes darkening of the skin

Question 23

Hormones of the posterior pituitary

Answer 23

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin (OT)
Produced by the hypothalamus

Question 24

Antidiuretic hormone

Answer 24

decreases urine volume
decreases sweating
constricts arterioles
to conserve blood volume and body water
this increases blood pressure

Question 25

Oxytocin

Answer 25

mostly in wome
during delivery it enhances smooth muscle contraction in uterine wall
after delivery it stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands

Question 26

What are direct targets of posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 26

kidneys and uterus

Question 27

Thyroid gland

Answer 27

butterfly-shaped
located inferior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx

Question 28

Thyroid hormones

Answer 28

T3
T4
Calcitonin

Question 29

What does T3 and T4 hormones do?

Answer 29

oxygen use and basal metabolic rate
cellular metabolism
growth and development

Question 30

What does calcitonin do?

Answer 30

regulates calcium homeostasis

Question 31

Parathyroid glands

Answer 31

4 pea-sized glands that are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

Question 32

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 32

regulates calcium homeostasis
promotes the formation of the hormone calcitrol (active form of vitamin D)

Question 33

Suprarenal gland

Answer 33

above the kidney
right=pyramidal
left=semi-lunar

Question 34

Adrenal cortex

Answer 34

zona glomerulosa-produces mineral corticoids
Zona fasciculata-produces glucocorticoids
Zona reticularis-produces androgens and is involbed with growth and puberty
(Salt sugar sex)

Question 35

Adrenal medulla

Answer 35

chromaffin cells (under the control of the autonomic nervous system) QUICK
secretes catecholamines-epinephrine and norephrine

Question 36

pancreas

Answer 36

endocrine and exocrine
exocrine=pancreatic acini
endocrine=islets of langerhan

Question 37

Islets of langerhans

Answer 37

alpha cell-secretes glucagon
beta cell-secretes insulin
delta cell-secretes somatostatin