Respiratory System

Question 1

The primary functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

1) smell
2) air conduction
3) the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the animal and the environment

Question 2

It is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the animal and the environment

Answer 2

respiration

Question 3

This provides oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, removes the waste product carbon dioxide, and helps to maintain acid-base balance.

Answer 3

Respiration

Question 4

What are the uses of the portions of the respiratory system?

Answer 4

Used for non-vital functions: sensing odors, speech production, and;

Used for straining: during childbirth or coughing

Question 5

Where does respiration occur, which lies at the most distal part of the respiratory tract?

Answer 5

at the air-blood interface

Question 6

The ultimate functional goal of the respiratory tract

Answer 6

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 7

The two crucial functions of the respiratory tract

Answer 7

air conduction and respiration

Question 8

Therefore, the two crucial functions of the respiratory tract are air conduction and respiration. The importance of considering these two roles is apparent during ________.

Answer 8

respiratory disease

Question 9

These are composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium (type 1 alveolar cells or pneomocytes), scattered cuboidal type II alveolar cells secrete surfactants and antimicrobial proteins; no gas exchange, secrete oily surfactant in humid/watery environment (liquid has the tendency to stick together, try to collapse alveoli) this can be prevented by surfactant. Has an extensive but small capillary network.

Answer 9

Alveoli walls

Question 10

Has an extensive but small capillary network.

Answer 10

Alveoli walls

Question 11

Alveoli walls are composed of what?

Answer 11

*single layer of squamous epithelium (type 1 alveolar cells or pneomocytes)

*scattered cuboidal type II alveolar cells

Question 12

scattered cuboidal type II alveolar cells secretes what?

Answer 12

surfactants and antimicrobial proteins

Question 13

surfactants and antimicrobial proteins are secreted by what?

Answer 13

cuboidal type II alveolar cells

Question 14

liquid has the tendency to stick together, try to collapse alveoli, this can be prevented by what?

Answer 14

surfactant

Question 15

It connects adjacent alveoli and equalizes air pressure throughout the lungs.

Answer 15

Alveolar pores

Question 16

keep alveolar surfaces sterile, 2 million dead macrophages/hour carried by cilia – throat – swallowed.

Answer 16

Alveolar macrophages

Question 17

A chamber that connect to multiple individual alveoli, surrounded by fine elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries, only to respond to stretching, and recoil; skeletal muscles would be too thick, (we do not want this to prevent gas flow to capillaries)

Answer 17

Alveolar sacs

Question 18

this is the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas, gasses fill the container: if the container size is reduced – the pressure increases (P). Pressure varies inversely with volume. Changes in thoracic/lung volume of the pleural cavities – the movement of the chest wall or diaphragm will directly affect the volume of the lung by changing the volume of pleural cavities.

Answer 18

Boyle’s Law

Question 19

trachea branches into two primary bronchi (right/left), one on each lung secondary bronchi branch off primary; enter lung lobes (2 on left lung, 3 on right), one to each lobe tertiary bronchi (9-10 branches each lung) supply bronchopulmonary segment - C shaped rings are now offset, protects from all directions - bronchioles branch into alveoli

Answer 19

Brochial tree

Question 20

cuboidal epithelial cells with apical microvilli located within and distal to bronchioles

Answer 20

Club cells (Clara cells)

Question 21

These are rich in metabolic enzymes (cytochrome P450 enzymes) and therefore serve a major role in the biotransformation of inhaled xenobiotics.

Answer 21

Club cells (clara cells)

Question 22

What kind of epithelial tissue are the club cells?

Answer 22

cuboidal epithelial cells

Question 23

The pathway moving air; no gas exchange, includes all structures from nasal cavity to larger bronchioles, this also cleanses, warms and humidifies the air and cools the air on way out (maintains homeostasis), facilitates the exchange, needs a head for diffusion, lines with respiratory mucosa with cilia; traps and get rid of particles before they go into lungs; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Answer 23

Conducting zone

Question 24

What kind of epithelial tissue is the conducting zone?

Answer 24

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 25

columnar epithelial cells that produce and secrete mucin

Answer 25

Goblet cells

Question 26

Goblet cells secretes what?

Answer 26

Mucin

Question 27

It is a glycoprotein that is a major constituent of mucus.

Answer 27

mucin

Question 28

Have swollen, basophilic to poorly staining cytoplasm (representing cytoplasmic mucin vesicles). These cells are abundant within the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 28

goblet cells

Question 29

What kind of epithelial tissue do the goblet cells have?

Answer 29

columnar epithelial cells

Question 30

oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between lungs and blood

Answer 30

External Respiration

Question 31

oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

Answer 31

Internal Respiration

Question 32

The air enters through external nares or nostrils of the nose passes into the nasal cavity and then back into the pharynx. The epithelial layers are highly vascular; the mucus membrane binds large particles.

Answer 32

Nose/Pharynx

Question 33

It increases surface area and swirls air through twists and turns

Answer 33

nasal conchae

Question 34

It is a muscular tube shared by respiratory and digestive systems.

Answer 34

pharynx (throat)

Question 35

Pharynx (throat) is lined with what type of epithelial tissue.

Answer 35

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 36

Where does the air enter?

Answer 36

external nares or nostrils of the nose

Question 37

The air enters larynx through what?

Answer 37

glottis (opening) uvula

Question 38

end of soft palate, prevents air/food         from going into the nasal cavity - made of 9 cartilages, ligaments, and skeletal muscles.

Answer 38

Larynx

Question 39

projects over the glottis and covers the glottis during swallowing elastic cartilage; all other structures have hyaline cartilage

Answer 39

Epiglottis

Question 40

Scroll-like structures within the nasal cavity that are composed of a core of thin bone surrounded by connective tissue and lined by respiratory epithelium.

Answer 40

Nasal turbinates

Question 41

function to help warm and humidify air and trap particulates.

Answer 41

nasal turbinates

Question 42

Tall, pseudostratified sensory epithelium within the caudal portions of the nasal cavity that contains a population of chemoreceptor cells, olfactory receptor cells, that generate the sensation of smell.

Answer 42

Olfactory epithelium

Question 43

A pseudostratified mucosal epithelium composed of columnar epithelial cells with apical cilia often admixed with goblet cells. This epithelium is characteristic of the upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx), eustachian tube, trachea, and large bronchi.

Answer 43

Respiratory epithelium

Question 44

Where simple diffusion of gases takes place Diffusion occurs rapidly because the distance is small and both oxygen and carbon dioxide are lipid soluble

Answer 44

Respiratory membrane

Question 45

Three layers of respiratory membrane:

Answer 45

1. squamous epithelial cells lining the alveoli 2. endothelial cells of adjacent capillary 3. fused basement membranes between alveolar and endothelial;

Question 46

Oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood circulation

Answer 46

Transport

Question 47

Flattened squamous epithelial cells that line pulmonary alveoli and facilitate gas exchange.

Answer 47

Type I alveolar cells (type I pneumocytes)

Question 48

Polygonal to cuboidal epithelial cells within alveoli that secrete pulmonary surfactant and readily divide following tissue injury to type I alveolar cells.

Answer 48

Type II alveolar cells (type II pneumocytes)

Question 49

forms anterior and lateral surfaces of larynx; where adam's apple is

Answer 49

Thyroid cartilage

Question 50

It makes it bigger

Answer 50

testosterone

Question 51

windpipe

Answer 51

Trachea

Question 52

extends from cartilage of the larynx to branches of primary bronchi - walls supported by C-shaped tracheal cartilages -open part of cartilages face posteriorly towards esophagus - not continuous cartilaginous tube (cartilage in "C" rings around tube) still have ciliated epithelia in tube

Answer 52

Trachea

Question 53

- connects posterior of cartilage rings -

Answer 53

Tracheal muscles

Question 54

contracts during coughing to expel mucus; coughing increases pressure, constricts the muscle, narrows diameter of trachea - sympathetic stimulation increases diameter for large volumes of air (relaxes trachealis) - skeletal muscle bridges back of "C" cartilage - esophagus is behind trachea; swallow, needs to expand, the esophagus can bulge into backside of trachea because of "c" ring that doesn't go all the way around

Answer 54

Tracheal muscles

Question 55

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

Answer 55

Mucosal layer of trachea

Question 56

- connective tissue with seromucous glands (serum mucus)

Answer 56

Submucosa layer of trachea

Question 57

the outermost layer of connective tissue encases C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

Answer 57

Adventitia layer of trachea wall

Question 58

- forms a right of cartilage just inferior to thyroid cartilage, pairs of arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate cartilages

Answer 58

Cricoid cartilage

Question 59

– this breathing movement of air into and out of the lungs

Answer 59

Pulmonary ventilation

Question 60

– supply blood with oxygen for cellular respiration and dispose of carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration

Answer 60

Respiration

Question 61

- increased volume-decreased pressure - an active process beginning with muscle contraction - changes in thoracic volume and sequence of events during inspiration

Answer 61

Inspiration

Question 62

- quite expiration normally passive process - note: forced expiration is active process; uses abdominal (oblique and transverse) and internal intercostal muscles

Answer 62

Expiration

Question 63

- at gas-liquid boundary, liquid molecules are more attracted to one another than gas resists any force that tends to increase surface area of liquid water- high surface tension;

Answer 63

Alveolar surface tension

Question 64

coats alveolar walls →reduces them to smallest size without surfactant to reduce surface tensions, alveoli would collapse

Answer 64

Alveolar surface tension

Question 65

expandability or "stretchiness" of the lungs higher lung compliance makes it easier to expand lungs normally high due to distensibility of lung tissue and surfactant low compliance leads to difficulty in breathing

Answer 65

Lung compliance

Question 66

the total amount of exchangeable air or the maximum amount of air that can be moved during one respiratory cycle

Answer 66

Vital capacity

Question 67

function in respiration, olfaction, and speech

Answer 67

Respiratory system

Question 68

This is the site of the gas exchange, microscopic structures, respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts – alveoli.

Answer 68

Respiratory zone

Question 69

Trachea, primary bronchi, smaller bronchi

Answer 69

Conducting system

Question 70

Bronchioles and alveoli

Answer 70

Exchange surface

Question 71

elastic fibers enclosed in epithelium deep to laryngeal mucosa; attach arytenoid cartilages to thyroid cartilage

Answer 71

vocal ligaments

Question 72

vestibular folds; do not have a role in sound production; inelastic and reduce size of glottis during swallowing (more towards head)

Answer 72

false vocal cords

Question 73

Vocal folds; are involved in sound production; no vasculature (true ligaments) - puberty lengthens and thickens vocal cords for men via testosterone; loudness controlled by amount of air.

Answer 73

true vocal cords

Question 74

The respiratory system can be divided into what?

Answer 74

conducting zone and a respiratory zone.

Question 75

What are the functions of the major organs of the respiratory system?

Answer 75

*provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration *remove the waste product carbon dioxide *and help to maintain acid-base balance

Question 76

• Portions of the respiratory system are also used for non-vital functions, what are these non-vital functions?

Answer 76

sensing odors, and speech production, and for straining such as coughing.

Question 77

Air Conduction Portion

Answer 77

(Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, vomeronasal organ, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles)

Question 78

What is the main function of the conducting system?

Answer 78

'condition' the inspired air:

Question 79

Air is conditioned by being what?

Answer 79

humidified (by serous and mucous secretions) warmed (by underlying blood vessels) and filtered (by particles being trapped in mucous secretions, and transported towards the throat, where the mucous is swallowed)

Question 80

The respiratory system aids in breathing, also called ______.

Answer 80

pulmonary ventilation

Question 81

In __________, the air is inhaled through the nasal and oral cavities (the nose and mouth). It moves through the pharynx, larynx, and trachea into the lungs. Then the air is exhaled, flowing back through the same pathway. Changes to the volume and air pressure in the lungs trigger this.

Answer 81

pulmonary ventilation

Question 82

Inside the lungs, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide waste through a process called ________.

Answer 82

external respiration

Question 83

This respiratory process takes place through hundreds of millions of microscopic sacs called ________.

Answer 83

alveoli

Question 84

It delivers oxygen to cells and removes waste carbon dioxide through internal respiration, another key function of the respiratory system. In this respiratory process, red blood cells carry oxygen absorbed from the lungs around the body, through the vasculature.

Answer 84

bloodstream

Question 85

In paired external apertures of the nasal cavities in our domestic species are termed the ___________.

Answer 85

external nares (nostrils)

Question 86

Traditional respiratory epithelium is composed of what epithelial tissue?

Answer 86

ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 87

It secrete mucus, and are characterized by cytoplasm filled with poorly staining, basophilic material (mucin)

Answer 87

Goblet cells

Question 88

upper respiratory system, or upper respiratory tract, consists of the ff. These structures allow us to breathe and speak. They warm and clean the air we inhale. Mucous membranes lining upper respiratory structures trap some foreign particles, including smoke and other pollutants, before the air travels down to the lungs.

Answer 88

nose and nasal cavity pharynx larynx

Question 89

It create openings to the outside world. Air is inhaled through here and warmed as it moves further into the nasal cavities.

Answer 89

nostrils, or nares

Question 90

Scroll-shaped bones, protrude and form spaces through which the air passes.

Answer 90

nasal conchae

Question 91

It swirl the air around to allow the air time to humidify, warm, and be cleaned before it enters the lungs

Answer 91

conchae

Question 92

It is a specialized epithelium that facilitates the sense of smell. It is tall, pseudostratified epithelium that contains three distinct cell types.

Answer 92

olfactory epithelium/ mucosa

Question 93

three distinct cell types of olfactory epithelium/ mucosa:

Answer 93

a. olfactory receptor cells b. sustentacular cell c. basal cells

Question 94

These are modified neurons and chemoreceptor cells interspersed within the olfactory epithelium.

Answer 94

Olfactory receptor cells

Question 95

These are histologically similar to the respiratory epithelium and have apical microvilli. These cells provide structural and metabolic support to the epithelium.

Answer 95

Sustentacular cells

Question 96

These are cuboidal to short polygonal cells that reside adjacent to the basement membrane.

Answer 96

Basal cells

Question 97

Epithelial cilia commonly called _________. .

Answer 97

“nose hair”

Question 98

It produced by seromucous and other glands in the membrane, trap unwanted particles

Answer 98

cilia (nose hair), along with mucus

Question 99

These are bone-encased, air-filled spaces within the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity.

Answer 99

sinuses

Question 100

Species such as the _____ have well-developed and distinct paranasal sinuses that include the frontal, dorsal conchal, ventral conchal, rostral maxillary, caudal maxillary, and sphenopalatine.

Answer 100

horse

Question 101

Species such as the ______ have only frontal and maxillary sinuses.

Answer 101

dog

Question 102

sensory epithelium is similar to that of olfactory epithelium, with a thick pseudostratified epithelium that contains three populations of cells: what are these?

Answer 102

receptor cells sustentacular cells basal cells.

Question 103

vomeronasal receptor cells, similar to olfactory receptor cells, are modified neurons that detect ________ and transmit to the brain via efferent axons.

Answer 103

pheromones

Question 104

Access of air to this region of the nasal cavity is facilitated through a passage through ducts in the dorsal aspect of the oral cavity (roof) of some species by the behavioral action of the __________.

Answer 104

flehmen response

Question 105

Examples of flehmen response include the ff.

Answer 105

curling of the upper lip in ungulates chattering of the mouth in dogs (tonguing) open-mouthed posture of cats

Question 106

It is a complex, tubular organ, the structure of which is primarily composed of elastic and hyaline cartilage and skeletal muscle.

Answer 106

larynx

Question 107

The larynx is composed of what?

Answer 107

elastic and hyaline cartilage and skeletal muscle

Question 108

It connects the naso- and oro-pharynx with the trachea, functioning in air conduction, vocalization, and in obstructing the passage of ingesta into the trachea during deglutition.

Answer 108

larynx

Question 109

What is the epithelium of the larynx?

Answer 109

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 110

Dorsally, the ends of the incomplete cartilaginous rings of the trachea are connected by a band of smooth muscle: the _______.

Answer 110

trachealis muscle

Question 111

Externally, the trachea is surrounded by a thin layer of fibrovascular connective tissue called ______.

Answer 111

adventitia

Question 112

It is the process of contraction and subsequent narrowing of the airway lumen.

Answer 112

bronchoconstriction

Question 113

It is a life-threatening effect of massive histamine release (e.g. anaphylaxis).

Answer 113

bronchoconstriction

Question 114

These are thin-walled airways lined by variably ciliated or non-ciliated columnar epithelium. The walls are composed of tangentially arranged smooth muscle.

Answer 114

Bronchioles

Question 115

air conduction happens in?

Answer 115

bronchioles

Question 116

regions of air exchange happens in?

Answer 116

alveoli

Question 117

The transition between regions of air conduction (i.e. bronchioles) and regions of air exchange (i.e. alveoli) in the lung progresses through sequentially distinct segments; from proximal to distal: what are these?

Answer 117

terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

Question 118

It is the transition into respiratory bronchioles.

Answer 118

Terminal bronchioles

Question 119

• Respiratory bronchioles are lined by two types of epithelial cells: what are these?

Answer 119

ciliated columnar cells and club cells (Clara cells)

Question 120

These are cuboidal epithelial cells that lack cilia but contain microvilli

Answer 120

club cells

Question 121

These are rich in cytochrome P450, an enzyme responsible for the biotransformation of inhaled and circulating toxins.

Answer 121

Club cells

Question 122

an enzyme responsible for the biotransformation of inhaled and circulating toxins.

Answer 122

cytochrome P450

Question 123

It is also abundant and highly active in hepatocytes, another cell type

Answer 123

P450

Question 124

P450 is also abundant and highly active in ______, another cell type responsible for the biotransformation of toxins.

Answer 124

hepatocytes

Question 125

Cell type responsible for the biotransformation of toxins.

Answer 125

Hepatocytes

Question 126

Secondary functions of the club cells include the ff.

Answer 126

production of pulmonary secretions and progenitor (proliferating) cells that may repopulate after cell loss and/or injury.

Question 127

site of gas exchange in the lung.

Answer 127

Alveoli

Question 128

Alveoli are thin-walled, sac-like structures lined by a single layer of flattened squamous epithelial cells: type I ________.

Answer 128

type I pneumocytes

Question 129

Alveoli also contain several additional cell types. What are these?

Answer 129

Type II pneumocytes are cuboidal epithelial cells

Question 130

These are responsible for the secretion of surfactant.

Answer 130

Type II pneumocytes

Question 131

It is a fluid composed of phospholipids and proteins that coats the surface of alveolar spaces to reduce surface tension, allowing for alveoli to expand and remain open.

Question 132

It play a crucial role in tissue repair in the lung. Following damage to type I pneumocytes, it proliferate and differentiate into type I pneumocytes, thereby restoring alveolar structure.

Answer 132

type II pneumocytes

Question 133

Alveolar spaces contain a resident population of macrophages, the ________.

Answer 133

alveolar macrophages

Question 134

• The outer surface of the entire lung parenchyma is covered by the _________.

Answer 134

visceral pleura

Question 135

lungs receive two distinct sources of blood supply: what are these?

Answer 135

pulmonary arterial supply and bronchial arterial supply

Question 136

It is the body’s main energy source.

Answer 136

Glucose (blood sugar)

Question 137

end products are carbon dioxide and water, which is known as ___________

Question 138

Metabolic water amounts to about ________ daily throughout the body. The whole process is called __________.

Answer 138

300ml (10fl oz) aerobic (oxygen-requiring) cellular, or internal, respiration