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HISTOLOGY > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

The primary functions of the respiratory system

A

1) smell
2) air conduction
3) the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the animal and the environment

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2
Q

It is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the animal and the environment

A

respiration

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3
Q

This provides oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, removes the waste product carbon dioxide, and helps to maintain acid-base balance.

A

Respiration

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4
Q

What are the uses of the portions of the respiratory system?

A

Used for non-vital functions: sensing odors, speech production, and;

Used for straining: during childbirth or coughing

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5
Q

Where does respiration occur, which lies at the most distal part of the respiratory tract?

A

at the air-blood interface

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6
Q

The ultimate functional goal of the respiratory tract

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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7
Q

The two crucial functions of the respiratory tract

A

air conduction and respiration

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8
Q

Therefore, the two crucial functions of the respiratory tract are air conduction and respiration. The importance of considering these two roles is apparent during ________.

A

respiratory disease

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9
Q

These are composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium (type 1 alveolar cells or pneomocytes), scattered cuboidal type II alveolar cells secrete surfactants and antimicrobial proteins; no gas exchange, secrete oily surfactant in humid/watery environment (liquid has the tendency to stick together, try to collapse alveoli) this can be prevented by surfactant. Has an extensive but small capillary network.

A

Alveoli walls

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10
Q

Has an extensive but small capillary network.

A

Alveoli walls

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11
Q

Alveoli walls are composed of what?

A

*single layer of squamous epithelium (type 1 alveolar cells or pneomocytes)

*scattered cuboidal type II alveolar cells

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12
Q

scattered cuboidal type II alveolar cells secretes what?

A

surfactants and antimicrobial proteins

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13
Q

surfactants and antimicrobial proteins are secreted by what?

A

cuboidal type II alveolar cells

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14
Q

liquid has the tendency to stick together, try to collapse alveoli, this can be prevented by what?

A

surfactant

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15
Q

It connects adjacent alveoli and equalizes air pressure throughout the lungs.

A

Alveolar pores

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16
Q

keep alveolar surfaces sterile, 2 million dead macrophages/hour carried by cilia – throat – swallowed.

A

Alveolar macrophages

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17
Q

A chamber that connect to multiple individual alveoli, surrounded by fine elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries, only to respond to stretching, and recoil; skeletal muscles would be too thick, (we do not want this to prevent gas flow to capillaries)

A

Alveolar sacs

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18
Q

this is the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas, gasses fill the container: if the container size is reduced – the pressure increases (P). Pressure varies inversely with volume. Changes in thoracic/lung volume of the pleural cavities – the movement of the chest wall or diaphragm will directly affect the volume of the lung by changing the volume of pleural cavities.

A

Boyle’s Law

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19
Q

trachea branches into two primary bronchi (right/left), one on each lung secondary bronchi branch off primary; enter lung lobes (2 on left lung, 3 on right), one to each lobe tertiary bronchi (9-10 branches each lung) supply bronchopulmonary segment - C shaped rings are now offset, protects from all directions - bronchioles branch into alveoli

A

Brochial tree

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20
Q

cuboidal epithelial cells with apical microvilli located within and distal to bronchioles

A

Club cells (Clara cells)

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21
Q

These are rich in metabolic enzymes (cytochrome P450 enzymes) and therefore serve a major role in the biotransformation of inhaled xenobiotics.

A

Club cells (clara cells)

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22
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue are the club cells?

A

cuboidal epithelial cells

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23
Q

The pathway moving air; no gas exchange, includes all structures from nasal cavity to larger bronchioles, this also cleanses, warms and humidifies the air and cools the air on way out (maintains homeostasis), facilitates the exchange, needs a head for diffusion, lines with respiratory mucosa with cilia; traps and get rid of particles before they go into lungs; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

A

Conducting zone

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24
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue is the conducting zone?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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25
Q

columnar epithelial cells that produce and secrete mucin

A

Goblet cells

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26
Q

Goblet cells secretes what?

A

Mucin

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27
Q

It is a glycoprotein that is a major constituent of mucus.

A

mucin

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28
Q

Have swollen, basophilic to poorly staining cytoplasm (representing cytoplasmic mucin vesicles). These cells are abundant within the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract.

A

goblet cells

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29
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue do the goblet cells have?

A

columnar epithelial cells

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30
Q

oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between lungs and blood

A

External Respiration

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31
Q

oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

A

Internal Respiration

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32
Q

The air enters through external nares or nostrils of the nose passes into the nasal cavity and then back into the pharynx. The epithelial layers are highly vascular; the mucus membrane binds large particles.

A

Nose/Pharynx

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33
Q

It increases surface area and swirls air through twists and turns

A

nasal conchae

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34
Q

It is a muscular tube shared by respiratory and digestive systems.

A

pharynx (throat)

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35
Q

Pharynx (throat) is lined with what type of epithelial tissue.

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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36
Q

Where does the air enter?

A

external nares or nostrils of the nose

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37
Q

The air enters larynx through what?

A

glottis (opening) uvula

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38
Q

end of soft palate, prevents air/food from going into the nasal cavity - made of 9 cartilages, ligaments, and skeletal muscles.

A

Larynx

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39
Q

projects over the glottis and covers the glottis during swallowing
elastic cartilage; all other structures have hyaline cartilage

A

Epiglottis

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40
Q

Scroll-like structures within the nasal cavity that are composed of a core of thin bone surrounded by connective tissue and lined by respiratory epithelium.

A

Nasal turbinates

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41
Q

function to help warm and humidify air and trap particulates.

A

nasal turbinates

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42
Q

Tall, pseudostratified sensory epithelium within the caudal portions of the nasal cavity that contains a population of chemoreceptor cells, olfactory receptor cells, that generate the sensation of smell.

A

Olfactory epithelium

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43
Q

A pseudostratified mucosal epithelium composed of columnar epithelial cells with apical cilia often admixed with goblet cells. This epithelium is characteristic of the upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx), eustachian tube, trachea, and large bronchi.

A

Respiratory epithelium

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44
Q

Where simple diffusion of gases takes place Diffusion occurs rapidly because the distance is small and both oxygen and carbon dioxide are lipid soluble

A

Respiratory membrane

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45
Q

Three layers of respiratory membrane:

A
  1. squamous epithelial cells lining the alveoli 2. endothelial cells of adjacent capillary
  2. fused basement membranes between alveolar and endothelial;
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46
Q

Oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood circulation

A

Transport

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47
Q

Flattened squamous epithelial cells that line pulmonary alveoli and facilitate gas exchange.

A

Type I alveolar cells (type I pneumocytes)

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48
Q

Polygonal to cuboidal epithelial cells within alveoli that secrete pulmonary surfactant and readily divide following tissue injury to type I alveolar cells.

A

Type II alveolar cells (type II pneumocytes)

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49
Q

forms anterior and lateral surfaces of larynx; where adam’s apple is

A

Thyroid cartilage

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50
Q

It makes it bigger

A

testosterone

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51
Q

windpipe

A

Trachea

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52
Q

extends from cartilage of the larynx to branches of primary bronchi - walls supported by C-shaped tracheal cartilages -open part of cartilages face posteriorly towards esophagus - not continuous cartilaginous tube (cartilage in “C” rings around tube) still have ciliated epithelia in tube

A

Trachea

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53
Q
  • connects posterior of cartilage rings -
A

Tracheal muscles

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54
Q

contracts during coughing to expel mucus; coughing increases pressure, constricts the muscle, narrows diameter of trachea - sympathetic stimulation increases diameter for large volumes of air (relaxes trachealis) - skeletal muscle bridges back of “C” cartilage - esophagus is behind trachea; swallow, needs to expand, the esophagus can bulge into backside of trachea because of “c” ring that doesn’t go all the way around

A

Tracheal muscles

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55
Q

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

A

Mucosal layer of trachea

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56
Q
  • connective tissue with seromucous glands (serum mucus)
A

Submucosa layer of trachea

57
Q

the outermost layer of connective tissue encases C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

A

Adventitia layer of trachea wall

58
Q
  • forms a right of cartilage just inferior to thyroid cartilage, pairs of arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate cartilages
A

Cricoid cartilage

59
Q

– this breathing movement of air into and out of the lungs

A

Pulmonary ventilation

60
Q

– supply blood with oxygen for cellular respiration and dispose of carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration

A

Respiration

61
Q
  • increased volume-decreased pressure - an active process beginning with muscle contraction - changes in thoracic volume and sequence of events during inspiration
A

Inspiration

62
Q
  • quite expiration normally passive process - note: forced expiration is active process; uses abdominal (oblique and transverse) and internal intercostal muscles
A

Expiration

63
Q
  • at gas-liquid boundary, liquid molecules are more attracted to one another than gas resists any force that tends to increase surface area of liquid water- high surface tension;
A

Alveolar surface tension

64
Q

coats alveolar walls →reduces them to smallest size without surfactant to reduce surface tensions, alveoli would collapse

A

Alveolar surface tension

65
Q

expandability or “stretchiness” of the lungs higher lung compliance makes it easier to expand lungs normally high due to distensibility of lung tissue and surfactant low compliance leads to difficulty in breathing

A

Lung compliance

66
Q

the total amount of exchangeable air or the maximum amount of air that can be moved during one respiratory cycle

A

Vital capacity

67
Q

function in respiration, olfaction, and speech

A

Respiratory system

68
Q

This is the site of the gas exchange, microscopic structures, respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts – alveoli.

A

Respiratory zone

69
Q

Trachea, primary bronchi, smaller bronchi

A

Conducting system

70
Q

Bronchioles and alveoli

A

Exchange surface

71
Q

elastic fibers enclosed in epithelium deep to laryngeal mucosa; attach arytenoid cartilages to thyroid cartilage

A

vocal ligaments

72
Q

vestibular folds; do not have a role in sound production; inelastic and reduce size of glottis during swallowing (more towards head)

A

false vocal cords

73
Q

Vocal folds; are involved in sound production; no vasculature (true ligaments) - puberty lengthens and thickens vocal cords for men via testosterone; loudness controlled by amount of air.

A

true vocal cords

74
Q

The respiratory system can be divided into what?

A

conducting zone and a respiratory zone.

75
Q

What are the functions of the major organs of the respiratory system?

A

*provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration
*remove the waste product carbon dioxide
*and help to maintain acid-base balance

76
Q

• Portions of the respiratory system are also used for non-vital functions, what are these non-vital functions?

A

sensing odors, and speech production, and for straining such as coughing.

77
Q

Air Conduction Portion

A

(Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, vomeronasal organ, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles)

78
Q

What is the main function of the conducting system?

A

‘condition’ the inspired air:

79
Q

Air is conditioned by being what?

A

humidified (by serous and mucous secretions) warmed (by underlying blood vessels) and filtered (by particles being trapped in mucous secretions, and transported towards the throat, where the mucous is swallowed)

80
Q

The respiratory system aids in breathing, also called ______.

A

pulmonary ventilation

81
Q

In __________, the air is inhaled through the nasal and oral cavities (the nose and mouth). It moves through the pharynx, larynx, and trachea into the lungs. Then the air is exhaled, flowing back through the same pathway. Changes to the volume and air pressure in the lungs trigger this.

A

pulmonary ventilation

82
Q

Inside the lungs, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide waste through a process called ________.

A

external respiration

83
Q

This respiratory process takes place through hundreds of millions of microscopic sacs called ________.

A

alveoli

84
Q

It delivers oxygen to cells and removes waste carbon dioxide through internal respiration, another key function of the respiratory system. In this respiratory process, red blood cells carry oxygen absorbed from the lungs around the body, through the vasculature.

A

bloodstream

85
Q

In paired external apertures of the nasal cavities in our domestic species are termed the ___________.

A

external nares (nostrils)

86
Q

Traditional respiratory epithelium is composed of what epithelial tissue?

A

ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium

87
Q

It secrete mucus, and are characterized by cytoplasm filled with poorly staining, basophilic material (mucin)

A

Goblet cells

88
Q

upper respiratory system, or upper respiratory tract, consists of the ff. These structures allow us to breathe and speak. They warm and clean the air we inhale. Mucous membranes lining upper respiratory structures trap some foreign particles, including smoke and other pollutants, before the air travels down to the lungs.

A

nose and nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

89
Q

It create openings to the outside world. Air is inhaled through here and warmed as it moves further into the nasal cavities.

A

nostrils, or nares

90
Q

Scroll-shaped bones, protrude and form spaces through which the air passes.

A

nasal conchae

91
Q

It swirl the air around to allow the air time to humidify, warm, and be cleaned before it enters the lungs

A

conchae

92
Q

It is a specialized epithelium that facilitates the sense of smell. It is tall, pseudostratified epithelium that contains three distinct cell types.

A

olfactory epithelium/ mucosa

93
Q

three distinct cell types of olfactory epithelium/ mucosa:

A

a. olfactory receptor cells
b. sustentacular cell
c. basal cells

94
Q

These are modified neurons and chemoreceptor cells interspersed within the olfactory epithelium.

A

Olfactory receptor cells

95
Q

These are histologically similar to the respiratory epithelium and have apical microvilli. These cells provide structural and metabolic support to the epithelium.

A

Sustentacular cells

96
Q

These are cuboidal to short polygonal cells that reside adjacent to the basement membrane.

A

Basal cells

97
Q

Epithelial cilia commonly called _________. .

A

“nose hair”

98
Q

It produced by seromucous and other glands in the membrane, trap unwanted particles

A

cilia (nose hair), along with mucus

99
Q

These are bone-encased, air-filled spaces within the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity.

A

sinuses

100
Q

Species such as the _____ have well-developed and distinct paranasal sinuses that include the frontal, dorsal conchal, ventral conchal, rostral maxillary, caudal maxillary, and sphenopalatine.

A

horse

101
Q

Species such as the ______ have only frontal and maxillary sinuses.

A

dog

102
Q

sensory epithelium is similar to that of olfactory epithelium, with a thick pseudostratified epithelium that contains three populations of cells: what are these?

A

receptor cells
sustentacular cells
basal cells.

103
Q

vomeronasal receptor cells, similar to olfactory receptor cells, are modified neurons that detect ________ and transmit to the brain via efferent axons.

A

pheromones

104
Q

Access of air to this region of the nasal cavity is facilitated through a passage through ducts in the dorsal aspect of the oral cavity (roof) of some species by the behavioral action of the __________.

A

flehmen response

105
Q

Examples of flehmen response include the ff.

A

curling of the upper lip in ungulates chattering of the mouth in dogs (tonguing) open-mouthed posture of cats

106
Q

It is a complex, tubular organ, the structure of which is primarily composed of elastic and hyaline cartilage and skeletal muscle.

A

larynx

107
Q

The larynx is composed of what?

A

elastic and hyaline cartilage and skeletal muscle

108
Q

It connects the naso- and oro-pharynx with the trachea, functioning in air conduction, vocalization, and in obstructing the passage of ingesta into the trachea during deglutition.

A

larynx

109
Q

What is the epithelium of the larynx?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

110
Q

Dorsally, the ends of the incomplete cartilaginous rings of the trachea are connected by a band of smooth muscle: the _______.

A

trachealis muscle

111
Q

Externally, the trachea is surrounded by a thin layer of fibrovascular connective tissue called ______.

A

adventitia

112
Q

It is the process of contraction and subsequent narrowing of the airway lumen.

A

bronchoconstriction

113
Q

It is a life-threatening effect of massive histamine release (e.g. anaphylaxis).

A

bronchoconstriction

114
Q

These are thin-walled airways lined by variably ciliated or non-ciliated columnar epithelium. The walls are composed of tangentially arranged smooth muscle.

A

Bronchioles

115
Q

air conduction happens in?

A

bronchioles

116
Q

regions of air exchange happens in?

A

alveoli

117
Q

The transition between regions of air conduction (i.e. bronchioles) and regions of air exchange (i.e. alveoli) in the lung progresses through sequentially distinct segments; from proximal to distal: what are these?

A

terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

118
Q

It is the transition into respiratory bronchioles.

A

Terminal bronchioles

119
Q

• Respiratory bronchioles are lined by two types of epithelial cells: what are these?

A

ciliated columnar cells and club cells (Clara cells)

120
Q

These are cuboidal epithelial cells that lack cilia but contain microvilli

A

club cells

121
Q

These are rich in cytochrome P450, an enzyme responsible for the biotransformation of inhaled and circulating toxins.

A

Club cells

122
Q

an enzyme responsible for the biotransformation of inhaled and circulating toxins.

A

cytochrome P450

123
Q

It is also abundant and highly active in hepatocytes, another cell type

A

P450

124
Q

P450 is also abundant and highly active in ______, another cell type responsible for the biotransformation of toxins.

A

hepatocytes

125
Q

Cell type responsible for the biotransformation of toxins.

A

Hepatocytes

126
Q

Secondary functions of the club cells include the ff.

A

production of pulmonary secretions and progenitor (proliferating) cells that may repopulate after cell loss and/or injury.

127
Q

site of gas exchange in the lung.

A

Alveoli

128
Q

Alveoli are thin-walled, sac-like structures lined by a single layer of flattened squamous epithelial cells: type I ________.

A

type I pneumocytes

129
Q

Alveoli also contain several additional cell types. What are these?

A

Type II pneumocytes are cuboidal epithelial cells

130
Q

These are responsible for the secretion of surfactant.

A

Type II pneumocytes

131
Q

It is a fluid composed of phospholipids and proteins that coats the surface of alveolar spaces to reduce surface tension, allowing for alveoli to expand and remain open.

A
132
Q

It play a crucial role in tissue repair in the lung. Following damage to type I pneumocytes, it proliferate and differentiate into type I pneumocytes, thereby restoring alveolar structure.

A

type II pneumocytes

133
Q

Alveolar spaces contain a resident population of macrophages, the ________.

A

alveolar macrophages

134
Q

• The outer surface of the entire lung parenchyma is covered by the _________.

A

visceral pleura

135
Q

lungs receive two distinct sources of blood supply: what are these?

A

pulmonary arterial supply and bronchial arterial supply

136
Q

It is the body’s main energy source.

A

Glucose (blood sugar)

137
Q

end products are carbon dioxide and water, which is known as ___________

A
138
Q

Metabolic water amounts to about ________ daily throughout the body. The whole process is called __________.

A

300ml (10fl oz)
aerobic (oxygen-requiring) cellular, or internal, respiration

HISTOLOGY (11 decks)

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