Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HISTOLOGY > Bones, Cartilage. and Joints > Flashcards

Bones, Cartilage. and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

It is a dynamic organ that functions to provide support, protection, and also act as a reservoir of mineral salts and growth factors.

A

Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why bones are dynamic?

A

because its shape adjusts to accommodate stresses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bone tissue also known as …

A

osseous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

It is hard and many of its functions depend on that characteristic of hardness.

A

Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

A

articular cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where two bone surfaces meet

A

articulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients

A

canaliculi (singular = canaliculus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal

A

central canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

dense bone that forms the cortical region of bone

A

Compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone

A

diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two the layers of compact bone found in flat bones

A

diploe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity

A

endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

(also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length

A

epiphyseal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow

A

epiphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

opening or depression in a bone

A

hole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte

A

lacunae
(singular = lacuna)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow

A

medullary cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment

A

nutrient foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Is is the process of bone formation in which a cartilage model becomes
almost entirely replaced by bone preceding the formation of the actual bone

A

Endochondral ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

microscopically dense parallel array of bone

A

Lamellar bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

This is the process of bone formation in which bones are directly laid in opposition on top of the bone that has just formed.

A

Membranous ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

It is the process that is responsible for changing the size and shape of bony tissue.

A

Modelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mesenchymal cells that contribute to bone production and can be seen lining bone surfaces.

A

Osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Smaller elongated cells contained within small cavities in bone called lacunae

A

Osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hematopoietic derived, multinucleated cells that resorb bone.

A

Osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A tubular functional unit of lamellar cortical bone.

A

Osteons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The process that is responsible for bony tissue maintenance.

A

Remodeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Bone that forms multi-directional, anastomosing struts within the marrow cavity.

A

Trabecular bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Rapidly deposited randomly arranged arrays of bone.

A

Woven bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

6 Functions of bones

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Assisting movement.
  4. Mineral homeostasis
  5. Blood cell production
  6. The different constituents of bone function together to facilitate normal growth, adapt to changing stress, repair micro injury, regulate mineral homeostasis, and respond to injury.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

It takes place in the bone marrow.

A

Blood cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Composition of bones:

A
  • made up of Cells (osteoblasts and osteocytes) other cell types: osteoprogenitor cells and osteoclasts
  • Extracellular matrix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Types of cells found in bones
Cells that are involved in growing bone:

A

Osteoprogenitor cells (osteogenic cells)
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

These are the ‘stem’ cells of bone, and are the source of new osteoblasts.

A

Osteoprogenitor cells (osteogenic cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

These are undifferentiated and develop into osteoblasts.

A

Osteogenic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Lining the surface of bone, secrete collagen and the organic matrix of
bone (osteoid), which becomes calcified soon after it has been deposited. As they become trapped in the organic matrix, they become osteocytes.

A

Osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

It maintain bone tissue. Fine processes from these cells ramify through bone, and form gap junctions with other osteocytes.

A

Osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Function of osteocytes

A

Maintains bone tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Function of osteoblast

A

Forms bone matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Osteoclast

A

Resorbs bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Osteocytes sit in the calcified matrix, in small spaces called ________.

A

lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Long processes from the osteocyte lie in small channels called __________.

A

canaliculi (small canals).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

These are channels for the transport for nutrients and waste.

A

Canaliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

It is develop from monocytes and macrophages and differ in appearance from other bone cells.

A

Osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

It is a bone cell responsible for forming new bone and is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and endosteum.

A

osteoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Osteoblast is found in what location?

A

growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and endosteum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

It do not divide but it synthesize and secrete the collagen matrix and calcium salts.

A

Osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

As the secreted matrix surrounding the osteoblast calcifies, the osteoblast become trapped within it; as a result, it changes in structure and becomes an ________.

A

osteocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

It is the primary cell of mature bone and the most common type of bone cell.

A

osteocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

These are undifferentiated cells with high mitotic activity and they are the only bone cells that divide.

A

osteogenic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Immature osteogenic cells are found in what locations?

A

deep layers of the periosteum
marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

They differentiate and develop into osteoblasts.

A

Osteogenic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The cell responsible for bone resorption, or breakdown.

A

osteoclast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

They are found on bone surfaces, are multinucleated, and originate from monocytes and macrophages, two types of white blood cells, not from osteogenic cells.

A

Osteoclast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Osteoclasts are continually breaking down what kind of bone?

A

Old bone

57
Q

Osteoblasts are continually forming what kind of bone?

A

new bone

58
Q

Osteoblast and osteoclast are responsible in _________.

A

Reshaping of bones

59
Q

Cartilage and Bone: 2 Types of mature bone

A

Compact Bone
Cancellous Bone / Spongy Bone

60
Q

It is the basic unit of compact bone.

A

osteon (Haversian system)

61
Q

The osteocytes are arranged in concentric rings of bone matrix called _________ and their processes run in interconnecting canaliculi.

A

lamellae (little plates)

62
Q

Canals thay contain blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum.

A

Central Haversian canal and horizontal canals

63
Q

It has large open spaces (marrow spaces) and plates of bone called trabeculae.

A

Cancellous Bone

64
Q

plates of bone is called _______

A

trabeculae

65
Q

Cells that are involved in remodeling bone

A

Osteoclasts

66
Q

These are secretory, and have prominent Golgi apparatus, and vesicles.

A

Osteoclast

67
Q

They secrete enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase which acidifies the matrix, and causes it to decalcify, and hydrolyses, which break down the matrix once it is decalcified. Other cell types help to phagocytose and get rid of the debris.

A

Osteoclast

68
Q

What is the enzymes secretes by osteoclast?

A

carbonic anhydrase

69
Q

These are large multinucleated cells, with a ‘ruffled border’ that resorb bone matrix, as shown in the diagram above.

A

Osteoclasts

70
Q

They are important for remodelling, growth and repair of bone.

A

Osteoclast

71
Q

clast means…

A

to break

72
Q

These are not derived from osteoprogenitor cells. They are derived from blood monocytes/macrophages which are derived from haemopeoitic cells in the bone marrow.

A

Osteoclasts

73
Q

Osteoclasts are derived from…

A

blood monocytes/macrophages which are derived from haemopeoitic cells in the bone marrow

74
Q

Bone re-modelling is necessary for?

A

growth

75
Q

It is necessary for growth

A

Bone re-modeling

76
Q

Mechanical stresses on the skeleton cause release of ________, that stimulate bone-remodelling.

A

calcium

77
Q

It also control bone re-modelling. Parathyroid hormone stimulates bone resorption and calcitonin inhibits resorption.

A

Hormones

78
Q

It stimulates bone resorption and calcitonin inhibits resorption.

A

Parathyroid hormone

79
Q

Bone re-modelling is necessary for growth:

A
  1. Mechanical stresses on the bone
  2. Hormones
80
Q

Types of bone

A

Compact Bone
Cancellous / Spongy Bone

81
Q

It is found in the shafts of long bones (in the diaphyses)

A

Compact Bone

82
Q

Compact bone of found where?

A

Diaphysis or long bones

83
Q

This makes up 80% of all bone.

A

Compact bone

84
Q

It is the denser, stronger, It can be found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection.

A

Compact bone

85
Q

It is the microscopic structural unit of compact bone.

A

osteon, or Haversian system

86
Q

It is a concentric rings of calcified matrix

A

lamellae

87
Q

Running down the center of each osteon is the _______.

A

central canal or Haversian canal

88
Q

Central canal / Haversian canal contains what?

A

blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

89
Q

It is found at the ends of long bones (in the epiphysis).

A

Spongy (cancellous) bone

90
Q

This makes up 20% of all bone. This type of bone contains red bone marrow and a network of bony trabeculae.

A

Spongy (cancellous bone)

91
Q

They are not arranged in concentric circles.

A

Spongy bone

92
Q

The lacunae and osteocytes are found in a lattice-like network of matrix spikes called _________.

A

trabeculae

93
Q

It is composed of trabeculae that contain the osteocytes.

A

Spongy Bones

94
Q

It fills the spaces in some bones.

A

Red marrow

95
Q

It is found on the outside of bone. This is a dense fibrous layer, where muscles insert. It contains bone forming cells. It is not found in the regions of bone covered by articular cartilage.

A

periosteum

96
Q

It is the name given to the tissue that lines the inner surfaces of bones.

A

endosteum

97
Q

The first bone formed at any site is _______ bone

A

woven (or primary) bone

98
Q

The first bone formed at any site is woven (or primary) bone, but this is soon replaced by what bone?

A

lamellar bone

99
Q

In this bone, the collagen fibres are random.

A

woven bone

100
Q

In this bone, the collagen fibres have become re-modelled to become more parallel - in layers.

A

lamellar bone

101
Q

Bone cells

A

Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

102
Q

Function of osteogenic cells

A

Develop into osteoblasts

103
Q

Location of osteogenic

A

Deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow

104
Q

Function of osteoblasts

A

Bone formation

105
Q

Location of osteoblasts

A

Growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endosteum

106
Q

Function of osteocytes

A

Maintain mineral concentration of matrix

107
Q

Location pf osteocytes

A

Entrapped in matrix

108
Q

Function of osteoclasts

A

Bone resorption

109
Q

Location of osteoclasts

A

Bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured, or unneeded bone

110
Q

has a very good blood supply

A

bone

111
Q

It is riddled with blood capillaries

A

Bone

112
Q

The central cavity contains ___________ and is a storage for __________.

A

blood vessels
bone marrow

113
Q

All of the osteocytes in bone are within ___________ of a capillary.

A

0.2mm

114
Q

Two ways in which bone can grow:

A

Endochondral
Intramembranous

115
Q

Formation of bone onto a temporary cartilage model or scaffold.

A

Endochondral

116
Q

A cartilage model that becomes almost entirely replaced by bone precedes the formation of the actual bone. Increases in bone length are primarily the result of endochondral ossification, as the cartilage model can grow interstitially (from within the matrix).

A

Endochondral

117
Q

Formation of bone directly onto fibrous connective tissue. There is no intermediate cartilage stage.

A

Intramembranous

118
Q

Intramembranous occurs in a few specialised places such as the

A

flat bones of skull (i.e. parietal bone), mandible,
maxilla,
clavicles

119
Q

_____________ differentiate into __________, then into ____________, which secrete the bone matrix.

A

Mesenchyme cells
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts

120
Q

Once the osteoblasts are embedded in the bone matrix, they are known as __________.

A

osteocytes

121
Q

The arteries enter through the nutrient _______, small openings in the diaphysis

A

foramen

122
Q

Blood vessels and nerves enter the bone through the ________.

A

nutrient foramen

123
Q

It is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.

A

Cartilage

124
Q

Cartilage is a structural component of the following:

A

rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs

125
Q

Lining the innermost aspect of the joint capsule is lined by _________.

A

synovium

126
Q

It is thought to contain three distinct cell populations: phagocytic macrophages, antigen presenting cells, and fibrobroblast like cells that produce glycosaminoglycans.

A

Synovium

127
Q

3 distinct populations

A

phagocytic macrophages
antigen presenting cells
fibrobroblast like cells of synovium

128
Q

It is a filtrate of plasma enriched with proteoglycans.

A

Synovial fluid

129
Q

It is the outermost layer and is composed of dense collagen.

A

Joint capsule

130
Q

It looks histologically similar and are also composed of very dense collagen.

A

Tendons and ligaments

131
Q

Joint capsule is made of…

A

Dense collagen

132
Q

The collagenous fibers in tendons insert directly into bone, and these are called ___________.

A

Sharpey’s fibers

133
Q

This type of bone is dense and arranged in parallel arrays. This type of bone that forms the normal adult skeletal structures.

A

Lamellar bone

134
Q

This type of bone is rapidly produced and is more cellular with less organization than lamellar bone.

A

Woven bone

135
Q

This type of bone is seen in animals that are growing or in a bone that is in reparative phase after an injury (like a fracture).

A

Woven bone

136
Q

Cells that line a bone surface and responsible for producing to the bone matrix.

A

Osteoblast

137
Q

Cells that reside within bone matrix.

A

Osteocytes

138
Q

The spaces that encloses osteocyte

A

Lacunae

HISTOLOGY (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions