Bones, Cartilage. and Joints Flashcards
1
Q
It is a dynamic organ that functions to provide support, protection, and also act as a reservoir of mineral salts and growth factors.
A
Bone
2
Q
Why bones are dynamic?
A
because its shape adjusts to accommodate stresses
3
Q
Bone tissue also known as …
A
osseous tissue
4
Q
It is hard and many of its functions depend on that characteristic of hardness.
A
Bone
5
Q
A thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
A
articular cartilage
6
Q
where two bone surfaces meet
A
articulation
7
Q
Channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients
A
canaliculi (singular = canaliculus)
8
Q
longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal
A
central canal
9
Q
dense bone that forms the cortical region of bone
A
Compact bone
10
Q
tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone
A
diaphysis
11
Q
layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two the layers of compact bone found in flat bones
A
diploe
12
Q
delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity
A
endosteum
13
Q
(also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length
A
epiphyseal plate
14
Q
wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow
A
epiphysis
15
Q
opening or depression in a bone
A
hole
16
Q
spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte
A
lacunae
(singular = lacuna)
17
Q
hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow
A
medullary cavity
18
Q
small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment
A
nutrient foramen
19
Q
Is is the process of bone formation in which a cartilage model becomes
almost entirely replaced by bone preceding the formation of the actual bone
A
Endochondral ossification
20
Q
microscopically dense parallel array of bone
A
Lamellar bone
21
Q
This is the process of bone formation in which bones are directly laid in opposition on top of the bone that has just formed.
A
Membranous ossification
22
Q
It is the process that is responsible for changing the size and shape of bony tissue.
A
Modelling
23
Q
Mesenchymal cells that contribute to bone production and can be seen lining bone surfaces.
A
Osteoblasts
24
Q
Smaller elongated cells contained within small cavities in bone called lacunae
A
Osteocytes
25
Hematopoietic derived, multinucleated cells that resorb bone.
Osteoclasts
26
A tubular functional unit of lamellar cortical bone.
Osteons
27
The process that is responsible for bony tissue maintenance.
Remodeling
28
Bone that forms multi-directional, anastomosing struts within the marrow cavity.
Trabecular bone
29
Rapidly deposited randomly arranged arrays of bone.
Woven bone
30
6 Functions of bones
1. Support
2. Protection
3. Assisting movement.
4. Mineral homeostasis
5. Blood cell production
6. The different constituents of bone function together to facilitate normal growth, adapt to changing stress, repair micro injury, regulate mineral homeostasis, and respond to injury.
31
It takes place in the bone marrow.
Blood cell production
32
Composition of bones:
- made up of Cells (osteoblasts and osteocytes) other cell types: osteoprogenitor cells and osteoclasts
- Extracellular matrix
33
Types of cells found in bones
Cells that are involved in growing bone:
Osteoprogenitor cells (osteogenic cells)
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
34
These are the 'stem' cells of bone, and are the source of new osteoblasts.
Osteoprogenitor cells (osteogenic cells)
35
These are undifferentiated and develop into osteoblasts.
Osteogenic cells
36
Lining the surface of bone, secrete collagen and the organic matrix of
bone (osteoid), which becomes calcified soon after it has been deposited. As they become trapped in the organic matrix, they become osteocytes.
Osteoblasts
37
It maintain bone tissue. Fine processes from these cells ramify through bone, and form gap junctions with other osteocytes.
Osteocytes
38
Function of osteocytes
Maintains bone tissue
39
Function of osteoblast
Forms bone matrix
40
Osteogenic cells
Stem cells
41
Osteoclast
Resorbs bone
42
Osteocytes sit in the calcified matrix, in small spaces called ________.
lacunae
43
Long processes from the osteocyte lie in small channels called __________.
canaliculi (small canals).
44
These are channels for the transport for nutrients and waste.
Canaliculi
45
It is develop from monocytes and macrophages and differ in appearance from other bone cells.
Osteoclasts
46
It is a bone cell responsible for forming new bone and is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and endosteum.
osteoblast
47
Osteoblast is found in what location?
growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and endosteum.
48
It do not divide but it synthesize and secrete the collagen matrix and calcium salts.
Osteoblasts
49
As the secreted matrix surrounding the osteoblast calcifies, the osteoblast become trapped within it; as a result, it changes in structure and becomes an ________.
osteocyte
50
It is the primary cell of mature bone and the most common type of bone cell.
osteocyte
51
These are undifferentiated cells with high mitotic activity and they are the only bone cells that divide.
osteogenic cells
52
Immature osteogenic cells are found in what locations?
deep layers of the periosteum
marrow
53
They differentiate and develop into osteoblasts.
Osteogenic cells
54
The cell responsible for bone resorption, or breakdown.
osteoclast
55
They are found on bone surfaces, are multinucleated, and originate from monocytes and macrophages, two types of white blood cells, not from osteogenic cells.
Osteoclast
56
Osteoclasts are continually breaking down what kind of bone?
Old bone
57
Osteoblasts are continually forming what kind of bone?
new bone
58
Osteoblast and osteoclast are responsible in _________.
Reshaping of bones
59
Cartilage and Bone: 2 Types of mature bone
Compact Bone
Cancellous Bone / Spongy Bone
60
It is the basic unit of compact bone.
osteon (Haversian system)
61
The osteocytes are arranged in concentric rings of bone matrix called _________ and their processes run in interconnecting canaliculi.
lamellae (little plates)
62
Canals thay contain blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum.
Central Haversian canal and horizontal canals
63
It has large open spaces (marrow spaces) and plates of bone called trabeculae.
Cancellous Bone
64
plates of bone is called _______
trabeculae
65
Cells that are involved in remodeling bone
Osteoclasts
66
These are secretory, and have prominent Golgi apparatus, and vesicles.
Osteoclast
67
They secrete enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase which acidifies the matrix, and causes it to decalcify, and hydrolyses, which break down the matrix once it is decalcified. Other cell types help to phagocytose and get rid of the debris.
Osteoclast
68
What is the enzymes secretes by osteoclast?
carbonic anhydrase
69
These are large multinucleated cells, with a 'ruffled border' that resorb bone matrix, as shown in the diagram above.
Osteoclasts
70
They are important for remodelling, growth and repair of bone.
Osteoclast
71
clast means...
to break
72
These are not derived from osteoprogenitor cells. They are derived from blood monocytes/macrophages which are derived from haemopeoitic cells in the bone marrow.
Osteoclasts
73
Osteoclasts are derived from...
blood monocytes/macrophages which are derived from haemopeoitic cells in the bone marrow
74
Bone re-modelling is necessary for?
growth
75
It is necessary for growth
Bone re-modeling
76
Mechanical stresses on the skeleton cause release of ________, that stimulate bone-remodelling.
calcium
77
It also control bone re-modelling. Parathyroid hormone stimulates bone resorption and calcitonin inhibits resorption.
Hormones
78
It stimulates bone resorption and calcitonin inhibits resorption.
Parathyroid hormone
79
Bone re-modelling is necessary for growth:
1. Mechanical stresses on the bone
2. Hormones
80
Types of bone
Compact Bone
Cancellous / Spongy Bone
81
It is found in the shafts of long bones (in the diaphyses)
Compact Bone
82
Compact bone of found where?
Diaphysis or long bones
83
This makes up 80% of all bone.
Compact bone
84
It is the denser, stronger, It can be found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection.
Compact bone
85
It is the microscopic structural unit of compact bone.
osteon, or Haversian system
86
It is a concentric rings of calcified matrix
lamellae
87
Running down the center of each osteon is the _______.
central canal or Haversian canal
88
Central canal / Haversian canal contains what?
blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
89
It is found at the ends of long bones (in the epiphysis).
Spongy (cancellous) bone
90
This makes up 20% of all bone. This type of bone contains red bone marrow and a network of bony trabeculae.
Spongy (cancellous bone)
91
They are not arranged in concentric circles.
Spongy bone
92
The lacunae and osteocytes are found in a lattice-like network of matrix spikes called _________.
trabeculae
93
It is composed of trabeculae that contain the osteocytes.
Spongy Bones
94
It fills the spaces in some bones.
Red marrow
95
It is found on the outside of bone. This is a dense fibrous layer, where muscles insert. It contains bone forming cells. It is not found in the regions of bone covered by articular cartilage.
periosteum
96
It is the name given to the tissue that lines the inner surfaces of bones.
endosteum
97
The first bone formed at any site is _______ bone
woven (or primary) bone
98
The first bone formed at any site is woven (or primary) bone, but this is soon replaced by what bone?
lamellar bone
99
In this bone, the collagen fibres are random.
woven bone
100
In this bone, the collagen fibres have become re-modelled to become more parallel - in layers.
lamellar bone
101
Bone cells
Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
102
Function of osteogenic cells
Develop into osteoblasts
103
Location of osteogenic
Deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow
104
Function of osteoblasts
Bone formation
105
Location of osteoblasts
Growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endosteum
106
Function of osteocytes
Maintain mineral concentration of matrix
107
Location pf osteocytes
Entrapped in matrix
108
Function of osteoclasts
Bone resorption
109
Location of osteoclasts
Bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured, or unneeded bone
110
has a very good blood supply
bone
111
It is riddled with blood capillaries
Bone
112
The central cavity contains ___________ and is a storage for __________.
blood vessels
bone marrow
113
All of the osteocytes in bone are within ___________ of a capillary.
0.2mm
114
Two ways in which bone can grow:
Endochondral
Intramembranous
115
Formation of bone onto a temporary cartilage model or scaffold.
Endochondral
116
A cartilage model that becomes almost entirely replaced by bone precedes the formation of the actual bone. Increases in bone length are primarily the result of endochondral ossification, as the cartilage model can grow interstitially (from within the matrix).
Endochondral
117
Formation of bone directly onto fibrous connective tissue. There is no intermediate cartilage stage.
Intramembranous
118
Intramembranous occurs in a few specialised places such as the
flat bones of skull (i.e. parietal bone), mandible,
maxilla,
clavicles
119
_____________ differentiate into __________, then into ____________, which secrete the bone matrix.
Mesenchyme cells
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
120
Once the osteoblasts are embedded in the bone matrix, they are known as __________.
osteocytes
121
The arteries enter through the nutrient _______, small openings in the diaphysis
foramen
122
Blood vessels and nerves enter the bone through the ________.
nutrient foramen
123
It is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.
Cartilage
124
Cartilage is a structural component of the following:
rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs
125
Lining the innermost aspect of the joint capsule is lined by _________.
synovium
126
It is thought to contain three distinct cell populations: phagocytic macrophages, antigen presenting cells, and fibrobroblast like cells that produce glycosaminoglycans.
Synovium
127
3 distinct populations
phagocytic macrophages
antigen presenting cells
fibrobroblast like cells of synovium
128
It is a filtrate of plasma enriched with proteoglycans.
Synovial fluid
129
It is the outermost layer and is composed of dense collagen.
Joint capsule
130
It looks histologically similar and are also composed of very dense collagen.
Tendons and ligaments
131
Joint capsule is made of...
Dense collagen
132
The collagenous fibers in tendons insert directly into bone, and these are called ___________.
Sharpey’s fibers
133
This type of bone is dense and arranged in parallel arrays. This type of bone that forms the normal adult skeletal structures.
Lamellar bone
134
This type of bone is rapidly produced and is more cellular with less organization than lamellar bone.
Woven bone
135
This type of bone is seen in animals that are growing or in a bone that is in reparative phase after an injury (like a fracture).
Woven bone
136
Cells that line a bone surface and responsible for producing to the bone matrix.
Osteoblast
137
Cells that reside within bone matrix.
Osteocytes
138
The spaces that encloses osteocyte
Lacunae
