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HISTOLOGY > Blood and Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Blood and Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

It is a fluid that circulates through the vascular channels to carry nutrients to cells and waste products to excretory organs, and heat regulation.

A

Blood

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2
Q

3 Functions of blood

A

To carry nutrients to cells.

To carry waste products to excretory organs.

Heat regulation

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3
Q

This is a complex mixture of cells and fluid that is being transported throughout the body by the cardiovascular system

A

Blood

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4
Q

It is considered as a specialized connective tissue one that provides functional instead of structural connections between all the body organs.

A

Blood

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5
Q

What is the blood volume of large domestic animals?

A

8-10% of their body weight

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6
Q

These are cellular components and plasma (protein rich fluid) components which composed 45-65% blood volume.

A

Blood

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7
Q

Cellular components and plasma (protein rich fluid) components are composed of how many percent blood volume?

A

45-65% blood volume

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8
Q

3 types of cell of cellular components

A

Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Platelets (thrombocytes)

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9
Q

It is a liquid extracellular matrix that supplies body tissues with materials necessary for body metabolism, removes wastes, and serves as dynamic reservoir for maintaining the proper composition of extracellular fluid of the body.

A

Plasma

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10
Q

3 Functions of plasma

A

Supplies body tissues with materials.
Removes wastes
Serves as dynamic reservoir

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11
Q

These are primarily synthesized in the liver; the kidneys regulate the levels of water and ions.

A

Plasma proteins

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12
Q

Plasma proteins are primarily synthesized in what organ?

A

liver

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13
Q

These regulate the levels of water and ions.

A

kidneys

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14
Q

It transport O2 and CO2 throughout the body (RBCs), provide immune defense (WBCs), and maintain the integrity of blood vessels and aid in blood clotting (platelets).

A

Blood cells

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15
Q

4 functions blood cells

A

Transport O2 and CO2 throughout the body (RBCs).
Provide immune defense (WBCs).
Maintain the integrity of blood vessels.
Aid in blood clotting (platelets).

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16
Q

Blood cells transport O2 and CO2 throughout the body called _______.

A

RBCs

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17
Q

Blood cells that provide immune defense called _______.

A

WBCs

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18
Q

Blood cells that maintain the integrity of blood vessels and aid in blood clotting called _________.

A

platelets

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19
Q

It provides significant diagnostic information for all branches of clinical medicine. (3)

A

Laboratory analyses of plasma components
Blood cell numbers
Blood cell production

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20
Q

It is the process of creating a wide variety of blood and bone marrow cells, namely erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes.

A

Hematopoiesis

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21
Q

This process begins with multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) which have the capability of dividing into either a multipotent progenitor cell or to self-renew.

A

Hematopoiesis

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22
Q

Hematopoiesis begins with _____________ which have the capability of dividing into either a multipotent progenitor cell or to self-renew.

A

multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)

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23
Q

This process begins with multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) which have the capability of dividing into either a ______________ or to ____________.

A

multipotent progenitor cell
self-renew

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24
Q

Hematopoiesis is the process of creating a wide variety of ________ and _____________, namely erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes.

A

blood
bone marrow cells

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25
Q

Hematopoiesis is the process of creating a wide variety of blood and bone marrow cells, what are these cells? (5)

A

erythrocytes
platelets
granulocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes

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26
Q

This type of cells are then able to divide into increasing specialized cells, a process which repeats and eventually leads to mature white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets.

A

Progenitor cells

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27
Q

Progenitor cells are then able to divide into what type of cells?

A

increasing specialized cells

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28
Q

multipotent progenitor cells dividing into either a ____________ or ______________.

A

common myeloid progenitor
a common lymphoid progenitor

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29
Q

Common myeloid progenitors eventually go on to create what type of cells? (6)

A

megakaryocytes, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes.

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30
Q

Common lymphoid progenitors will produce what type of cells?

A

Natural Killer cells
B and T lymphocytes

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31
Q

It is enmeshed in spongy trabeculae (bony tissue) surrounding a network of sinuses that originate at the endosteum (vascular layer just within the bone) and terminate in collecting venules.

A

Hematopoietic tissue

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32
Q

This complex process involves the formation of many intermediate stages and cell types that become progressively more differentiated.

A

Hematopoiesis

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33
Q

All blood cells arise from _____________ which give rise to two types of committed stem cells: myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells.

A

pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells

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34
Q

Two types of committed stem cells

A

myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

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35
Q

These are predecessors of the myeloid cells (erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets).

A

Myeloid stem cells

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36
Q

What are the myeloid cells? (4)

A

erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets

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37
Q

These are predecessors of the lymphoid cells (T-, B-, and NK-cells).

A

lymphoid stem cells

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38
Q

Two types of lymphoid cells

A

B and T Lymphocytes
Natural Killer cells

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39
Q

These stem cells undergo cell division and differentiation into progressively more specialized progenitor cells restricted to a single lineage.

A

Myeloid stem cells

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40
Q

It resemble small lymphocytes.

A

Progenitor cells

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41
Q

The progenitor cells give rise to ________.

A

precursor cells

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42
Q

Precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to yield ____________.

A

mature cells

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43
Q

Where can we find the morphological characteristics of the precursor cells and mature cells?

A

bone marrow

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44
Q

Some hematopoietic cells are released into the circulation as ___________, and complete their differentiation outside of ________.

A

immature cells
bone marrow

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45
Q

It migrate from blood into tissues and develop into macrophages

A

Monocytes

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46
Q

Monocytes develop into what?

A

Macrophages

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47
Q

It migrate from blood into tissues where they proliferate and mature into mast cells (granular)

A

mast cell progenitors (agranular)

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48
Q

Two types of Lymphocytes

A

T-cells
B-cells

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49
Q

maturation into functional T cells occurs in the ________ before migration to specific regions of peripheral lymphoid tissues

A

thymus

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50
Q

differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells occurs in peripheral lymphoid tissues (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen, and diffuse lymphoid tissue)

A

B-cells

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51
Q

B-cells differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells occurs in ______________ (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen, and diffuse lymphoid tissue)

A

peripheral lymphoid tissues

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52
Q

Examples of peripheral lymphoid tissues

A

lymph nodes, spleen, and diffuse lymphoid tissue

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53
Q

These progenitor cells are known as __________.

A

colony-forming units (CFU)

54
Q

8 Progenitor cells are known as colony-forming units (CFU):

A

a. CFU-E mega - erythroid/megakaryocyte
b. CFU-E – erythroid
c. CFU-mega – megakaryocyte
d. CFU-GM - granulocyte-macrophage
e. CFU-M – monocyte
f. CFU-G - neutrophil granulocyte
g. CFU-Eo - eosinophil granulocyte
h. CFU-Baso - basophil granulocyte

55
Q

CFU-E mega

A

erythroid/megakaryocyte

56
Q

CFU-E

A

erythroid

57
Q

CFU-mega

A

megakaryocyte

58
Q

CFU-GM

A

granulocyte-macrophage

59
Q

CFU-M

A

monocyte

60
Q

CFU-G

A

neutrophil granulocyte

61
Q

CFU-Eo

A

eosinophil granulocyte

62
Q

CFU-Baso

A

basophil granulocyte

63
Q

In adults, where does hematopoiesis occurs where it generates hundreds of millions of new blood cells every day?

A

bone marrow

64
Q

Normal adult men have about ______ liters of blood, whereas women average closer to _____ liters.

A

5 liters
4 liters

65
Q

Two main components of blood

A

Blood cells and plasma

66
Q

It is the fluid phase of the blood.

A

Plasma

67
Q

Blood cells and plasma can be separated from one another by __________ at low speed.

A

centrifugation

68
Q

These are dense and collect in the bottom of the tube.

A

Red cells

69
Q

These are of intermediate density and tend to collect at the interface between the red cells and the plasma in a thin gray-white layer referred to as the buffy coat.

A

white cells and platelets

70
Q

What do you call the thin gray-white layer?

A

buffy coat

71
Q

It provides a mechanism by which nutrients, gases, and wastes can be transported throughout the body.

A

Blood

72
Q

It consists of a number of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma.

A

Blood

73
Q

Fluid medium is called as…

A

Plasma

74
Q

It refers to plasma after clotting factors and fibrin have been removed.

A

Serum

75
Q

What are the other helpful features in the identification of blood elements?

A

cell size
nuclear size and shape
chromatin appearance
cytoplasmic staining

76
Q

It is created by placing a drop of blood near the end of a clean glass microscope slide.

A

blood smear

77
Q

These cells are by far the predominant cell type in the blood smear.

A

Erythrocytes or red blood cells

78
Q

They are anucleate, non-granulated, eosinophilic cells that are uniform in shape (biconcave discs) and size (7.2 microns).

A

Erythrocytes or RBC

79
Q

These cells have a central concavity that appears pale under the light microscope.

A

Red blood cells

80
Q

These cells contain hemoglobin and are responsible for the transport and delivery of oxygen.

A

Erythrocytes or RBC

81
Q

These cells have a lifespan of 120 days.

A

Erythrocytes

82
Q

What is the lifespan of erythrocytes or RBC?

A

120 days

83
Q

Erythrocytes or RBS contains what?

A

hemoglobin

84
Q

Function of erythrocytes or RBC

A

Responsible for the transport and delivery of oxygen.

85
Q

These are immature red blood cells that are released from the bone marrow.

A

Reticulocytes

86
Q

Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that are released from the ___________.

A

bone marrow

87
Q

They mature into erythrocytes after 1 to 2 days in the peripheral blood.

A

Reticulocytes

88
Q

Reticulocytes mature into ______ after 1 to 2 days in the peripheral blood.

A

Erythrocytes

89
Q

How many reticulocyte for every 100 red blood cells in a normal blood smear?

A

One

90
Q

These cells stain with a light blue tint because they still have RNA-containing organelles like free ribosomes.

A

Reticulocytes

91
Q

What is the stain of reticulocytes?

A

light blue tint

92
Q

These are the smallest elements of the blood and are responsible for the formation of clots through a complex, highly regulated cascade that you will study in Physiology and Immunobiology.

A

Thrombocytes or platelets

93
Q

These type of cells are between 2 and 5 microns in diameter and appear ovoid and anucleate with purple granules.

A

Platelets

94
Q

These are cells of the immune system that are present in both blood and interstitial fluid.

A

Leukocytes or white blood cells

95
Q

Leukocytes or WBC are present in…..

A

blood and interstitial fluid

96
Q

How many leukocyte for every 1000 red blood cells?

A

One

97
Q

These are cells with round, non-lobed nuclei

A

Monomorphonuclear leukocytes

98
Q

Small lymphocytes, which are about the same size as erythrocytes and have deeply stained nuclei with a thin rim of cytoplasm.

A

This population includes both B-cells and T-cells

99
Q

Type of Lymphocytes which appear similar to small lymphocytes, but with larger nuclei and a greater amount of cytoplasm. This population also includes both B-cells and T-cells. Lymphocyte counts are raised in response to viral infections.

A

Large lymphocytes

100
Q

Larger than lymphocytes and have less-clearly demarcated nuclei that are usually not centered in the cell.

A

Monocytes

101
Q

These nuclei appear horseshoe-shaped and the cytoplasm contains fine granules that give it a muddy gray color. These granules contain lysosomal enzyme and peroxidase.

A

Monocytes

102
Q

These are phagocytic cells that are important in the inflammatory response. They are the precursors to the tissue macrophages that you studied in the Laboratory on Connective Tissue.

A

Monocytes

103
Q

These are cells with lobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules. While these cells share the same primary (nonspecific) or azurophilic granules, they are named based upon the characteristics of their secondary (specific) granules.

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

104
Q

These are by far the most numerous of the leukocytes.

A

Neutrophils

105
Q

They are characterized by a nucleus that is segmented into three to five lobes that are joined by slender strands. The cytoplasm of neutrophils stains a pale pink. Its primary granules contain acid hydrolases and cationic proteins, and its secondary granules contain a variety of antimicrobial substances used to destroy bacteria that they phagocytose during the acute inflammatory response.

A

Neutrophils

106
Q

These are larger than neutrophils and are distinguished by large red or orange granules of uniform size. These granules contain major basic protein, which is released to kill organisms too large to phagocytose, such as parasites and helminthes (worms).

A

Eosinophils

107
Q

These are intermediate in size between neutrophils and eosinophils and have simple or bilobed nuclei.

A

Basophils

108
Q

They contain many coarse purple granules that can vary in size or shape. These granules contain histamine, which is released to cause a vasoactive response in hypersensitivy reactions, and heparin, which is an anticoagulant.

A

Basophils

109
Q

They are not phagocytic.

A

Basophils

110
Q

It indicates the status of mature blood cells

A

peripheral blood smear

111
Q

It can be used to assess the process of hematopoiesis, or blood cell formation.

A

bone marrow smear

112
Q

The majority of the developing cells will become _______, which confer a red color to the marrow.

A

erythrocytes

113
Q

Active bone marrow is also known as ____________. Over time, the marrow becomes less active and its fat content increases. It is then referred to as ____________.

A

red bone marrow
yellow bone marrow

114
Q

7 several important characteristics to take into account when viewing a bone marrow smear

A

a. Size of the cell
b. Cytoplasm to nucleus volume ratio
c. Shape of the nucleus
d. Degree of chromatin condensation
e. Presence or absence of nucleoli
f. Cytoplasmic staining
g. Presence of cytoplasmic granules

115
Q

It is a pluripotent stem cell from which erythrocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes originate.

A

blast cell

116
Q

Erythrocytes develop from ___________

A

erythryoblasts

117
Q

granulocytes develop from __________

A

myeloblasts

118
Q

lymphocytes develop from __________

A

lymphoblasts

119
Q

It is the development of red blood cells.

A

Erythropoiesis

120
Q

It develops into a proerythroblast, which is only slightly smaller than the blast, but has a more basophilic cytoplasm.

A

erythroblast

121
Q

The erythroblast develops into a ________, which is only slightly smaller than the blast, but has a more basophilic cytoplasm.

A

proerythroblast

122
Q

Forms when the proerythroblast loses its nucleolus. These cells are much smaller than the blast cells and have an intensely basophilic cytoplasm that results from the accumulation of ribosomes.

A

basophilic erythroblast

123
Q

It has a darkly staining nucleus and its cytoplasm stains a grayish-green color due to the accumulation of hemoglobin.

A

polychromatophilic erythroblast

124
Q

The nucleus becomes smaller and darker and the cytoplasm becomes pinker.

A

normoblast

125
Q

It is the process by which white blood cells develop.

A

Granulopoiesis

126
Q

myeloblast differentiates into a ________

A

promyelocyte

127
Q

_________ differentiates into a promyelocyte

A

myeloblast

128
Q

Large, multilobed promegakaryocytes develop into __________

A

megakaryocytes

129
Q

Largest cells of the bone marrow (30 to 40 microns).

A

megakaryocytes

130
Q

It is develop from promonocytes

A

Monocytes

HISTOLOGY (11 decks)

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