Blood and Hematopoiesis Flashcards
It is a fluid that circulates through the vascular channels to carry nutrients to cells and waste products to excretory organs, and heat regulation.
Blood
3 Functions of blood
To carry nutrients to cells.
To carry waste products to excretory organs.
Heat regulation
This is a complex mixture of cells and fluid that is being transported throughout the body by the cardiovascular system
Blood
It is considered as a specialized connective tissue one that provides functional instead of structural connections between all the body organs.
Blood
What is the blood volume of large domestic animals?
8-10% of their body weight
These are cellular components and plasma (protein rich fluid) components which composed 45-65% blood volume.
Blood
Cellular components and plasma (protein rich fluid) components are composed of how many percent blood volume?
45-65% blood volume
3 types of cell of cellular components
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
It is a liquid extracellular matrix that supplies body tissues with materials necessary for body metabolism, removes wastes, and serves as dynamic reservoir for maintaining the proper composition of extracellular fluid of the body.
Plasma
3 Functions of plasma
Supplies body tissues with materials.
Removes wastes
Serves as dynamic reservoir
These are primarily synthesized in the liver; the kidneys regulate the levels of water and ions.
Plasma proteins
Plasma proteins are primarily synthesized in what organ?
liver
These regulate the levels of water and ions.
kidneys
It transport O2 and CO2 throughout the body (RBCs), provide immune defense (WBCs), and maintain the integrity of blood vessels and aid in blood clotting (platelets).
Blood cells
4 functions blood cells
Transport O2 and CO2 throughout the body (RBCs).
Provide immune defense (WBCs).
Maintain the integrity of blood vessels.
Aid in blood clotting (platelets).
Blood cells transport O2 and CO2 throughout the body called _______.
RBCs
Blood cells that provide immune defense called _______.
WBCs
Blood cells that maintain the integrity of blood vessels and aid in blood clotting called _________.
platelets
It provides significant diagnostic information for all branches of clinical medicine. (3)
Laboratory analyses of plasma components
Blood cell numbers
Blood cell production
It is the process of creating a wide variety of blood and bone marrow cells, namely erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
Hematopoiesis
This process begins with multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) which have the capability of dividing into either a multipotent progenitor cell or to self-renew.
Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis begins with _____________ which have the capability of dividing into either a multipotent progenitor cell or to self-renew.
multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)
This process begins with multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) which have the capability of dividing into either a ______________ or to ____________.
multipotent progenitor cell
self-renew
Hematopoiesis is the process of creating a wide variety of ________ and _____________, namely erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
blood
bone marrow cells
Hematopoiesis is the process of creating a wide variety of blood and bone marrow cells, what are these cells? (5)
erythrocytes
platelets
granulocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes
This type of cells are then able to divide into increasing specialized cells, a process which repeats and eventually leads to mature white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets.
Progenitor cells
Progenitor cells are then able to divide into what type of cells?
increasing specialized cells
multipotent progenitor cells dividing into either a ____________ or ______________.
common myeloid progenitor
a common lymphoid progenitor
Common myeloid progenitors eventually go on to create what type of cells? (6)
megakaryocytes, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes.
Common lymphoid progenitors will produce what type of cells?
Natural Killer cells
B and T lymphocytes
It is enmeshed in spongy trabeculae (bony tissue) surrounding a network of sinuses that originate at the endosteum (vascular layer just within the bone) and terminate in collecting venules.
Hematopoietic tissue
This complex process involves the formation of many intermediate stages and cell types that become progressively more differentiated.
Hematopoiesis
All blood cells arise from _____________ which give rise to two types of committed stem cells: myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells.
pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells
Two types of committed stem cells
myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells
These are predecessors of the myeloid cells (erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets).
Myeloid stem cells
What are the myeloid cells? (4)
erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets
These are predecessors of the lymphoid cells (T-, B-, and NK-cells).
lymphoid stem cells
Two types of lymphoid cells
B and T Lymphocytes
Natural Killer cells
These stem cells undergo cell division and differentiation into progressively more specialized progenitor cells restricted to a single lineage.
Myeloid stem cells
It resemble small lymphocytes.
Progenitor cells
The progenitor cells give rise to ________.
precursor cells
Precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to yield ____________.
mature cells
Where can we find the morphological characteristics of the precursor cells and mature cells?
bone marrow
Some hematopoietic cells are released into the circulation as ___________, and complete their differentiation outside of ________.
immature cells
bone marrow
It migrate from blood into tissues and develop into macrophages
Monocytes
Monocytes develop into what?
Macrophages
It migrate from blood into tissues where they proliferate and mature into mast cells (granular)
mast cell progenitors (agranular)
Two types of Lymphocytes
T-cells
B-cells
maturation into functional T cells occurs in the ________ before migration to specific regions of peripheral lymphoid tissues
thymus
differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells occurs in peripheral lymphoid tissues (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen, and diffuse lymphoid tissue)
B-cells
B-cells differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells occurs in ______________ (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen, and diffuse lymphoid tissue)
peripheral lymphoid tissues
Examples of peripheral lymphoid tissues
lymph nodes, spleen, and diffuse lymphoid tissue
These progenitor cells are known as __________.
colony-forming units (CFU)
8 Progenitor cells are known as colony-forming units (CFU):
a. CFU-E mega - erythroid/megakaryocyte
b. CFU-E – erythroid
c. CFU-mega – megakaryocyte
d. CFU-GM - granulocyte-macrophage
e. CFU-M – monocyte
f. CFU-G - neutrophil granulocyte
g. CFU-Eo - eosinophil granulocyte
h. CFU-Baso - basophil granulocyte
CFU-E mega
erythroid/megakaryocyte
CFU-E
erythroid
CFU-mega
megakaryocyte
CFU-GM
granulocyte-macrophage
CFU-M
monocyte
CFU-G
neutrophil granulocyte
CFU-Eo
eosinophil granulocyte
CFU-Baso
basophil granulocyte
In adults, where does hematopoiesis occurs where it generates hundreds of millions of new blood cells every day?
bone marrow
Normal adult men have about ______ liters of blood, whereas women average closer to _____ liters.
5 liters
4 liters
Two main components of blood
Blood cells and plasma
It is the fluid phase of the blood.
Plasma
Blood cells and plasma can be separated from one another by __________ at low speed.
centrifugation
These are dense and collect in the bottom of the tube.
Red cells
These are of intermediate density and tend to collect at the interface between the red cells and the plasma in a thin gray-white layer referred to as the buffy coat.
white cells and platelets
What do you call the thin gray-white layer?
buffy coat
It provides a mechanism by which nutrients, gases, and wastes can be transported throughout the body.
Blood
It consists of a number of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma.
Blood
Fluid medium is called as…
Plasma
It refers to plasma after clotting factors and fibrin have been removed.
Serum
What are the other helpful features in the identification of blood elements?
cell size
nuclear size and shape
chromatin appearance
cytoplasmic staining
It is created by placing a drop of blood near the end of a clean glass microscope slide.
blood smear
These cells are by far the predominant cell type in the blood smear.
Erythrocytes or red blood cells
They are anucleate, non-granulated, eosinophilic cells that are uniform in shape (biconcave discs) and size (7.2 microns).
Erythrocytes or RBC
These cells have a central concavity that appears pale under the light microscope.
Red blood cells
These cells contain hemoglobin and are responsible for the transport and delivery of oxygen.
Erythrocytes or RBC
These cells have a lifespan of 120 days.
Erythrocytes
What is the lifespan of erythrocytes or RBC?
120 days
Erythrocytes or RBS contains what?
hemoglobin
Function of erythrocytes or RBC
Responsible for the transport and delivery of oxygen.
These are immature red blood cells that are released from the bone marrow.
Reticulocytes
Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that are released from the ___________.
bone marrow
They mature into erythrocytes after 1 to 2 days in the peripheral blood.
Reticulocytes
Reticulocytes mature into ______ after 1 to 2 days in the peripheral blood.
Erythrocytes
How many reticulocyte for every 100 red blood cells in a normal blood smear?
One
These cells stain with a light blue tint because they still have RNA-containing organelles like free ribosomes.
Reticulocytes
What is the stain of reticulocytes?
light blue tint
These are the smallest elements of the blood and are responsible for the formation of clots through a complex, highly regulated cascade that you will study in Physiology and Immunobiology.
Thrombocytes or platelets
These type of cells are between 2 and 5 microns in diameter and appear ovoid and anucleate with purple granules.
Platelets
These are cells of the immune system that are present in both blood and interstitial fluid.
Leukocytes or white blood cells
Leukocytes or WBC are present in…..
blood and interstitial fluid
How many leukocyte for every 1000 red blood cells?
One
These are cells with round, non-lobed nuclei
Monomorphonuclear leukocytes
Small lymphocytes, which are about the same size as erythrocytes and have deeply stained nuclei with a thin rim of cytoplasm.
This population includes both B-cells and T-cells
Type of Lymphocytes which appear similar to small lymphocytes, but with larger nuclei and a greater amount of cytoplasm. This population also includes both B-cells and T-cells. Lymphocyte counts are raised in response to viral infections.
Large lymphocytes
Larger than lymphocytes and have less-clearly demarcated nuclei that are usually not centered in the cell.
Monocytes
These nuclei appear horseshoe-shaped and the cytoplasm contains fine granules that give it a muddy gray color. These granules contain lysosomal enzyme and peroxidase.
Monocytes
These are phagocytic cells that are important in the inflammatory response. They are the precursors to the tissue macrophages that you studied in the Laboratory on Connective Tissue.
Monocytes
These are cells with lobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules. While these cells share the same primary (nonspecific) or azurophilic granules, they are named based upon the characteristics of their secondary (specific) granules.
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
These are by far the most numerous of the leukocytes.
Neutrophils
They are characterized by a nucleus that is segmented into three to five lobes that are joined by slender strands. The cytoplasm of neutrophils stains a pale pink. Its primary granules contain acid hydrolases and cationic proteins, and its secondary granules contain a variety of antimicrobial substances used to destroy bacteria that they phagocytose during the acute inflammatory response.
Neutrophils
These are larger than neutrophils and are distinguished by large red or orange granules of uniform size. These granules contain major basic protein, which is released to kill organisms too large to phagocytose, such as parasites and helminthes (worms).
Eosinophils
These are intermediate in size between neutrophils and eosinophils and have simple or bilobed nuclei.
Basophils
They contain many coarse purple granules that can vary in size or shape. These granules contain histamine, which is released to cause a vasoactive response in hypersensitivy reactions, and heparin, which is an anticoagulant.
Basophils
They are not phagocytic.
Basophils
It indicates the status of mature blood cells
peripheral blood smear
It can be used to assess the process of hematopoiesis, or blood cell formation.
bone marrow smear
The majority of the developing cells will become _______, which confer a red color to the marrow.
erythrocytes
Active bone marrow is also known as ____________. Over time, the marrow becomes less active and its fat content increases. It is then referred to as ____________.
red bone marrow
yellow bone marrow
7 several important characteristics to take into account when viewing a bone marrow smear
a. Size of the cell
b. Cytoplasm to nucleus volume ratio
c. Shape of the nucleus
d. Degree of chromatin condensation
e. Presence or absence of nucleoli
f. Cytoplasmic staining
g. Presence of cytoplasmic granules
It is a pluripotent stem cell from which erythrocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes originate.
blast cell
Erythrocytes develop from ___________
erythryoblasts
granulocytes develop from __________
myeloblasts
lymphocytes develop from __________
lymphoblasts
It is the development of red blood cells.
Erythropoiesis
It develops into a proerythroblast, which is only slightly smaller than the blast, but has a more basophilic cytoplasm.
erythroblast
The erythroblast develops into a ________, which is only slightly smaller than the blast, but has a more basophilic cytoplasm.
proerythroblast
Forms when the proerythroblast loses its nucleolus. These cells are much smaller than the blast cells and have an intensely basophilic cytoplasm that results from the accumulation of ribosomes.
basophilic erythroblast
It has a darkly staining nucleus and its cytoplasm stains a grayish-green color due to the accumulation of hemoglobin.
polychromatophilic erythroblast
The nucleus becomes smaller and darker and the cytoplasm becomes pinker.
normoblast
It is the process by which white blood cells develop.
Granulopoiesis
myeloblast differentiates into a ________
promyelocyte
_________ differentiates into a promyelocyte
myeloblast
Large, multilobed promegakaryocytes develop into __________
megakaryocytes
Largest cells of the bone marrow (30 to 40 microns).
megakaryocytes
It is develop from promonocytes
Monocytes
