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Physio > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two functional zones of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Conducting
  2. Respiratory
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2
Q

This functional zone consists of where air flows from the mouth/nose through the terminal bronchioles

A

conducting

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3
Q

this functional zone consists of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

A

respiratory

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4
Q

The purpose of this region of the respiratory system is to warm and humidify the air

A

upper airways

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5
Q

What are 3 defenses of the upper airways?

A
  1. air turbulence
  2. mucus
  3. ciliary cells
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6
Q

What prevents the collapse of the airways on in breaths (where pressure is negative)?

A

airway cartilage

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7
Q

at what point does airway cartilage cease?

A

transition to 1 mm bronchioles

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8
Q

what prevents airway collapse at the bronchiole level?

A

elasticity of surrounding tissues

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9
Q

Alveolar gas exchange works the best under what conditions?

A

37C and 100% humidity

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10
Q

what portions of the respiratory tract are NOT lined with ciliated mucosa?

A

pharynx and alveoli

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11
Q

about how many highly vascularized alveoli are in the lungs?

A

300 million

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12
Q

The destruction of alveoli; ends up reducing SA for gas exchange

A

Emphysema

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13
Q

With the loss of alveoli in emphysema, fewer alveoli are present to put pressure on the bronchioles causing what?

A

collapse during expiration

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14
Q

lung pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure during what phase of respiration?

A

inspiration

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15
Q

lung pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure during what phase of respiration

A

expiration

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16
Q

This law states that the smaller the sphere, the greater the surface tension and higher the pressure

A

LaPlace’s Law

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17
Q

This combats LaPlace’s Law in the alveoli by diminishing surface tension and reducing the tendency for alveoli to collapse

A

surfactant

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18
Q

The lack of surfactant in preemie babies leads to what?

A

IRDS

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19
Q

in adults, low levels of surfactant leads to what?

A

ARDS and atelectasis

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20
Q

What can cause low surfactant levels in adults?

A

trauma, sepsis, aspiration, or other conditions

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21
Q

What is the total surface area of alveoli?

A

~760 ft^2

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22
Q

What is the pressure of water in 100% humidified air?

A

47 mmHg

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23
Q

What is the pressure of air?

A

760 mmHg

24
Q

Nitrogen makes up what percentage of the atmosphere?

A

78%

25
Q

Oxygen gas makes up what percentage of the atmosphere?

A

21%

26
Q

Carbon dioxide makes up what percentage of the atmosphere?

A

<1%

27
Q

What law refers to the idea that partial pressures add up to equal the total pressure of an environment

A

Dalton’s Law

28
Q

What gas concentration gradients provide the foundation for gas exchange?

A

Po2 and Pco2

29
Q

What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the blood entering pulmonary capillaries?

A

Po2 = 40; Pco2 = 46

30
Q

the primary O2 carying capacity limitation is what?

A

hemoglobin concentration

31
Q

This blood protein increases the plasma’s capacity to hold onto excess dissolved oxygen

A

hemoglobin

32
Q

What is the %saturation of hemoglobin leaving the lungs?

A

97%

33
Q

At rest, what percentage of oxygen saturation is lost as hgb travels to systemic tissues?

A

~25%

34
Q

what is the %saturation of hemoglobin when returning to the lungs?

A

75%

35
Q

With exercise, how much oxygen is lost to the tissues?

A

~65%

36
Q

With exercise, plasma po2 drops to what?

A

~20 mmHg

37
Q

what is the primary effect on oxyhemoglobin saturation?

A

arterial po2

38
Q

What are the 3 factors that influence oxygen dissociation?

A
  1. pH
  2. temperature
  3. working muscle environment
39
Q

In an acidic environment, how easily will O2 dissociate from hgb? why?

A

dissociates more quickly; H+ has a higher affinity for hgb

40
Q

Higher temperatures do what to O2 dissociation from hgb?

A

increase rate of dissociation

41
Q

what conditions in a working muscle environment encourage quick O2 dissociation from hgb?

A
  1. high acidity (via lactic acid)
  2. increased temperatures
42
Q

This blood protein is found more readily in muscle tissues and has a much higher O2 affinity than hgb

A

myoglobin

43
Q

What is the optimal arterial blood pH?

A

7.40

44
Q

what is the optimal venous blood pH?

A

7.36

45
Q

Where do the acids in the blood come from?

A
  1. cellular respiration
  2. food metabolism
46
Q

What are two buffer methods for maintaining pH consistency?

A
  1. chemical buffers
  2. physiologic buffers
47
Q

What are 3 examples of chemical buffers?

A
  1. proteins
  2. bicarbonate
  3. phosphate
48
Q

What are 2 physiologic buffers?

A
  1. respiratory
  2. renal
49
Q

what percentage of CO2 is dissolved in plasma?

A

10%

50
Q

what percentage of CO2 is bound to hemoglobin?

A

20%

51
Q

What percentage of CO2 reacts with water to form H+ and bicarbonate?

A

70%

52
Q

What is the key thing to regulate in order to prevent acidosis?

A

CO2

53
Q

This type of breathing results in alkaline blood

A

hyperventilation

54
Q

this type of breathing results in acidic blood

A

hypoventilation

55
Q

why does hyperventilation increase blood pH?

A

increased CO2 elimination which removes H+ from blood

Physio (7 decks)

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