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Physio > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Humans have how many homologous chromosomes?

A

46

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2
Q

What is the gene found in the Y chromosome that induces teste formation?

A

SRY (sex-determining region Y)

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3
Q

For how many days of gestation are gonads of both sexes similar?

A

40 days

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4
Q

If SRY is present, what happens to the gonads around day 45 of development?

A

Seminiferous tubule formation

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5
Q

These cells (in addition to germ cells) comprise the seminiferous tubules in early development

A

Sertoli (sustenacular) cells

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6
Q

These cells begin appearing around day 65 in the presence of the SRY gene; secrete testosterone

A

Interstitial Leydig cells

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7
Q

This term describes the lack of testicular descent

A

Cryptorchidism

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8
Q

What are some reasons why testicular descent occurs in males?

A

To keep temp low enough for spermatogenesis (~35C)

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9
Q

The testes secrete what hormone?

A

Testosterone

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10
Q

The ovaries secrete what hormones?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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11
Q

This hormone is secreted by Serotoli cells to induce the degeneration of the structure that would form the uterus

A

MIF (Mullerian inhibition factor)

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12
Q

Without the presence of MIF in a fetus, what will occur>

A

Uterus and uterine tube formation

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13
Q

Testosterone induces the change of Mesospheric (wolffian) duct into what structures?

A

Epididymides, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts

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14
Q

Without the presence of testosterone, what happens to the Mesonephric (wolffian) duct?

A

Degenerates

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15
Q

This is the site of spermatogenesis; upon exiting the testicle, they form the epididymis

A

Seminiferous tubules

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16
Q

These occur between the lobules of the seminiferous tubules and actively produce testosterone

A

Interstitial cells of Leydig

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17
Q

When the seminiferous cells exit the testicle, they form into this structure; nourishes sperm during final maturation

A

Epididymis

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18
Q

What is the time period of the final maturation of sperm in the epididymis?

A

1-2 weeks

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19
Q

This structure originates from the epididymis and is joined by the seminal vesicle prior to the prostate; transfers matured sperm from testicle

A

Vas deferens

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20
Q

This structure produces an alkaline secretion to neutralize the low vaginal pH

A

Seminal vesicle

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21
Q

The seminal vesicle produces about what percentage of semen volume?

A

60%

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22
Q

This is a gland below the base of the bladder that surround the urethra to add secretions to semen

A

Prostate gland

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23
Q

The prostate gland secretions consist of what percentage of the final semen volume>

A

30%

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24
Q

This structure also produces an alkaline secretion that behaves as a urethral lubricant

A

Bulbourethral glanda

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25
Q

The bulbourethral glands produce what percentage of the final semen volume

A

5%

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26
Q

This hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus to regulate the pituitary release of FSH and LH

A

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

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27
Q

GnRH regulates the pituitary release of what hormones

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

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28
Q

GnRH secretion increases significantly during what phase?

A

Puberty

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29
Q

This hormone stimulates the release of testosterone from the interstitial cells

A

LH (leuteinizing hormone)

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30
Q

Rising testosterone levels in response to LH hormone secretion results in what? (3)

A

Spermatogenesis, systemic virializing effects, inhibition of FSH/LH

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31
Q

This hormone increases the rate of spermatogenesis

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

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32
Q

What are the outcomes of increases FSH release in males (not including spermatogenesis)

A

ABP production (via Sertoli cells)
Testosterone hording
Inhibin production

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33
Q

This Sertoli cell secretion hoards testosterone around spermatogenic cells in response to elevated FSH

A

ABP (androgen binding protein)

34
Q

This hormone is produced by sertoli cells in response to high sperm count to shut down FSH

A

Inhibin

35
Q

What are the names of the cell produced during spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia —> spermatocytes —> spermatids —> spermatozoa

36
Q

These are premeiosis sperm cells

A

Spermatogonia

37
Q

These are cells that will immediately undergo meosis 1 but havent yet

A

Primary Spematocytes

38
Q

These are sperm cells that hae undergone meiosis 2

A

Spermatids

39
Q

These are spermcells that hae ungergons maturation after meiosis 2

A

Spermatozoa

40
Q

At what stage do sperm cells stop at before elevated testosterone levels in puberty

A

Meosis 2

41
Q

What receptors do the sertoli, sperm cells, and epididymis have

A

E2 receptors

42
Q

This is an important paractine regulator of spermatogensis; can be manufactured from testosterone

A

E2 / estrogen

43
Q

What is lost from sperm cells by the time they mature into sperm?

A

Cytoplasm and most unneeded organelles

44
Q

Amout how many sperm are in ejaculate

A

10^8 / mL

45
Q

This prt of a sperm contains digestive enzymes to penetrate egg

A

Acrosome

46
Q

This part of a sperm cell contains the nucleus

A

Head

47
Q

This parto f the sperm contains the mitochondria

A

Midpieces

48
Q

This part of the sperm contains nmicrotubular flagellum

A

Tail

49
Q

Metaphase 2 of oogenesis will only complet under what conditiona

A

Fertilization

50
Q

What are the cell names of egg cells during oogenesis

A

Oogonium —> primary oocyte —> secondary oocyte —> zygote (fertilization)

51
Q

Awhat happens to the poar body of the first mieotic division of oogenesi

A

Degenerates

52
Q

How many ooctes at birth

A

2 million

53
Q

how many oocytes by puberty

A

400,000

54
Q

How many oocytes ovulate

A

400

55
Q

At what stage do oocytes arrest in until oogenesis

A

Prophase 1

56
Q

These cells surroud each oocyte to form primary follicles

A

Granulosa cells

57
Q

FSH in females does what to the granulosa cells

A

Stimulates proliferation in some to become secondary follicles

58
Q

This is the name of a follicle that has ungergone much FSH stimulation and contains a lare fluid filled space

A

Graafian follicle

59
Q

This is the large fluid filled space of the graafian follicle

A

Antrum

60
Q

This is the name of the layer of granuola cells that surroune the oocyte in a graafian follicle

A

Corona radiata

61
Q

This is the small atttachment of the oocyte between the granulosa cells and the corona radiata

A

Cumulus oophorus

62
Q

This is a layer of protein and polysaccharides that prevent penetration by sperm; requires digestion

A

Zona pellucida

63
Q

By day 14 of the menstrual cycle (1 day of period) this is the key concept progression

A

Graafian follicle becomes progressively larger —> creates more granulosa cells —> produces more E2

64
Q

a spike in E2 at around day 12 releases a huge surge of what hormone>

A

LH (leutinizing hormone)

65
Q

A surge of LH around day 12 results in what event in the ovary?

A

Ovulation

66
Q

The released oocyte is captured by what structure?

A

Fimbria

67
Q

For about how many days does the corpus luteum grow

A

10 days

68
Q

This is a result of LH stimulation of granulosa cells; secretes increasing amounts of hormones to prepare for implantation

A

Corpus luteum

69
Q

This is what the corpus luteum becomes after it scars from not recieveing a fertilized egg

A

Corpus albicans

70
Q

3 phases of menstrual cyle

A

Menstrual
Proliferative
Secretory

71
Q

How long is the menstrual cycle

A

28 days

72
Q

A peak in FSH results in the stimulation of the ovarian folicles and granulosa to do what

A

Grow and produce estrogen

73
Q

A large surge of estrogen (then LH 12-24 hours later) induces what?

A

Ovulation

74
Q

Body temp increases by what during ovulation?

A

0.8C

75
Q

When fertilization does not occur, what happens to hormones?

A

Progesterone levels fall

76
Q

What is the response to falling progesterone levels after failed implantation of fertilizaed egg?

A

Menstruation 3 days later

77
Q

This is the phase of the menstrual cycle where the endometrial lining of the uterus grows (due to increased E2 and progesterone)

A

Secretory phase

78
Q

How long are sperm viable after intercourse?

A

Several days

79
Q

What is the time frame that fertiliztion must occur after ovulation

A

Within 24 hours

80
Q

Sperm entry into the egg results in what

A

Calcification of the membrane to prevent additional sperm entry + induce meiosis of egg cell

81
Q

The blastocyst releases this hormone after successful implantation occurs

A

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

82
Q

Estrogen and progesterone are continuously produced after implantation for wht reason?

A

To prevent menses

Physio (7 decks)

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