Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physio > Cardiopulmonary system > Flashcards

Cardiopulmonary system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of system is the cardiovascular system?

A

closed loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how many closed-loop systems are in the cardiovascular system? what are they?

A

2; systemic and pulmonary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what two pumps are in series in the cardiovascular system?

A

left ventricle and the right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what chambers of the heart are the largest?

A

ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what vessels bring blood from the system to the heart

A

veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what vessels send blood from the heart to the system

A

arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what organ is highly oxidative?

A

the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the ratio of cardiac sarcomeres to mitochondria?

A

1:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a key characteristic of cardiac sarcomeres?

A

striated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

a dense connective tissue plane that separates the atria from ventricles and anchors the myocardium and valves

A

cardiac skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cardiac muscle designed to squeeze

A

myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where are the semilunar valves?

A

aorta and pulmonary trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where is the tricuspid valve?

A

right atrium and ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where is the bicuspid valve?

A

left atrium and ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

These are inelastic cords of fibrous connective tissue that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid and bicuspid valves

A

chordae tendinae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the pillar-like muscles seen within the cavity of the ventricles and are attached to their walls?

A

Papillary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What part of the heart encourages unidirectional blood flow?

A

Valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is the left ventricle so much larger than the right?

A

Must push blood throughout the systemic loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

About how long does diastole last?

A

0.5 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

About how long does systole last?

A

0.3 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which portion the cardiac cycle is longer?

A

Diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the edv?

A

Volume just before systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the esv?

A

The volume just after systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the stroke volume (SV)?

A

The volume eject from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

At what point in the cardiac cycle does ventricular relaxation occur?

A

Diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

At what point in the cardiac cycle does ventricular contraction occur?

A

Systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

At what part of the cardiac cycle does atrial contraction occur?

A

Diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

At what part of the cardiac cycle does atrial relaxation occur?

A

Systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Higher heart pressure occurs during which part of the cardiac cycle?

A

Systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Lower heart pressure occurs at what part of the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When the AV valves open, what portion of the heart has higher pressure?

A

The atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

When the AV vales are closed, what portion of the heart has higher pressure?

A

The ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What causes the first heart sound?

A

AV valves closing during high ventricular pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When the semi lunar valves open, what portion of the heart has higher pressure?

A

The ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

When the semilunar valves close, what portion of the heart has higher pressure?

A

The systemic loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What produces the second heart sound?

A

Semilunar valves closing with high systemic blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is one way valves are vital?

A

Ensure/maintain pressure gradients

39
Q

What changes and what remains the same between the sides of the heart during the cardiac cycle?

A

Pressure amount changes, heart volume is the same

40
Q

This describes the ability of the heart to continue beating even without any neural input

A

Automaticity

41
Q

What heart cells spontaneously depolarize?

A

SA node cardiomyocytes

42
Q

A tiny island of cardiomyocytes found above the right atrium that spontaneously depolarize

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

43
Q

What is the spontaneous depolarization rate of the SA node?

A

~100 APs/min

44
Q

Even though the heart can beat on its own, it requires what to do this?

A

Adequate energy (+ essential metabolic nutrients)

45
Q

What is a big difference between the SA node cell’s action potentials vs skeletal muscle/nerve aps

A

No resting membrane potential

46
Q

What structure creates the SA node’s pacemaker potential?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase (slow-leak channels)

47
Q

What leads to gradual depolarization in SA node cells?

A

Faster Na+ leaking in cells

48
Q

Cell types that have uniquely slow repolarization phases?

A

Cardiomyocytes

49
Q

What are the steps of action potentiation in non-SA node cardiomyocytes?

A
  1. Na+ channel open (in)
  2. Ca2+ channel open (in)
  3. Na+ channel close
  4. K+ channel open (out)
  5. Both K+ and Ca2+ close
50
Q

What causes slow repolarization of non-SA node cardiomyocytes?

A

Ca2+ entering the cell slowly

51
Q

A single cell or cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or by division of nuclei.

A

Syncytium

52
Q

Electrically linked junctions found between cardiac muscle fibers

A

Intercalated discs

53
Q

This describes the cardiac muscle fibers tendency to spread action potentials to other cells via gap junctions

A

Synchronous conduction

54
Q

What are the slow Ca2+ channels in the heart muscle?

A

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

55
Q

What are the fast Ca2+ channels in the cardiac muscle?

A

Ca²+ release channels

56
Q

Where are the voltage gated Ca²+ channels found in the cardiac muscle?

A

Transverse tubules

57
Q

Where are the Ca²+ release channels found in the cardiac muscle?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

58
Q

Are the Ca²+ channels of cardiac muscles elctromechanically coupled together?

A

No

59
Q

Calcium channel blockers to reduce tachycardia block what type of channel?

A

The slow voltage-gated Ca²+ channels

60
Q

A node in the right atria that delays the impulse from the SA node before passing onto the ventricles

A

The atrioventriclular (AV) node

61
Q

Where does the signal from the SA node terminate?

A

Purkinje fibers

62
Q

Rapid contraction of the heart occurs when the myocardium _______

A

Depolarizes

63
Q

What is the purpose of the AV node?

A

Encourages the correct blood flow by depolarizing atria before ventricles

64
Q

The synchronous depolarization and repolarization events of the heart can readily be observed using what?

A

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

65
Q

The P wave indicates what?

A

Atrial depolarization

66
Q

The QRS complex signifies what?

A

Ventricular depolarization, atrial repoarization

67
Q

The T wave signifies what event?

A

Ventricular repolarization

68
Q

What is the order of EKG waves?

A

P wave, delay, QRS complex, delay, T wave

69
Q

The parasympathetic vagus nerve controls what function of the heart?

A

Heart rate

70
Q

The sympathetic innervation of the heart controls what cardiac functions?

A

Both heart rate and force of contraction

71
Q

What locations do most nerve fibers terminate in the heart?

A

SA node, AV node, ventricles

72
Q

What is our normal heart rate?

A

70 bpm

73
Q

What are the intrinsic action potential rates of the SA node, the AV node and the ventricles?

A

SA = 100, AV = 60, ventricles = 40

74
Q

What are the three layers of vessel tissue?

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
75
Q

What layers of vessel tissue tend to be thicker?

A

Tunica media then Tunica externa

76
Q

Inner layer of blood vessels; composed of endothelium

A

Tunica intima

77
Q

Middle layer of blood vessels; composed of smooth muscle

A

Tunica media

78
Q

Outer layer of vessel tissue; composed of connective tissue

A

Tunica externa

79
Q

An increase of distance from the heart leads to what?

A

Lower blood pressure

80
Q

These portions of blood vessels allow for blood pressure changes (from artery to vein) with no chance of back flow

A

Precapillary sphincters

81
Q

About how many capillaries do we have?

A

60 billion

82
Q

What is the total surface area of all the capillaries in the body

A

1000 miles²

83
Q

These vessels are a single layer of endothelial cells that exchange nutrients and wastes

A

Capillaries

84
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A
  1. Continuous
  2. Fenestrated
  3. Sinusoidal
85
Q

A subtype of capillary with no gaps that only allows exchange of small molecules through diffusion

A

Continuous

86
Q

A capillary subtype that has small gaps in cell substance that permits passage of water and small molecules

A

Fenestrated

87
Q

A capillary subtype with significant gaps in cell substance and basement membrane; allows permeation of cells and large molecules

A

Sinusoidal

88
Q

What is the approximate blood pressure of veins?

A

2 mmHg

89
Q

What is the approximate blood pressure of arteries?

A

100 mmHg

90
Q

What ensures unidirectional flow in veins?

A

Venous valves

91
Q

Muscles surrounding veins that help pump blood

A

Skeletal muscle pumps

92
Q

How does breathing help venous blood flow?

A

Inhalation increases abdominal pressure

93
Q

What are three methods used to maintain blood flow in low pressure veins?

A
  1. Venous valves
  2. Skeletal muscle pumps
  3. Breathing

Physio (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions