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Physio > Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

This refers to the mechanisms which we deliver the right amount of blood to the right location at the right time

A

Hemodynamics

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2
Q

What is the driving factor of blood flow?

A

Pressure gradients

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3
Q

What two factors does blood flow rely on?

A
  1. Cardiac output
  2. Blood flow resistance
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4
Q

This describes how much blood the heart is pumping out

A

Cardiac output

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5
Q

This refers to the tendency for vascular to push blood back to the heart

A

Bloodflow resistance

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6
Q

What is the equation to find cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR)

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7
Q

How do you calculate stroke volume?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

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8
Q

What does EDV stand for

A

End diastolic volume

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9
Q

What does ESV stand for

A

End systolic volume

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10
Q

How to calculate ejection fraction

A

Ejection fraction = SV / EDV

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11
Q

What are the two variables to change that can influence cardiac output

A
  1. Heart rate
  2. Stroke volume
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12
Q

What organ determines the sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation needed to adjust heart rate (+ maintain bp)

A

Medulla oblongata

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13
Q

How does a positive chronotrope affect heart rate?

A

Increases heart rate

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14
Q

How does a negative chronotrope affect the heart?

A

Decreases heart rate

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15
Q

What three factors does stroke volume depend on?

A
  1. Venous return
  2. Resistance
  3. Contractility
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16
Q

Greater venous return does what?

A

Increases end diastolic volume (EDV)

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17
Q

How does greater resistance affect the heart?

A

Decreases stroke volume

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18
Q

What are the two types of contractility factors?

A
  1. Intrinsic
  2. Extrinsic
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18
Q

What are the two types of contractility factors?

A
  1. Intrinsic
  2. Extrinsic
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19
Q

What are two intrinsic contractility factors?

A
  1. Frank-starling Law of the Heart
  2. Rate-induced regulation (treppe)
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20
Q

What are the extrinsic factors that affect contractility?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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21
Q

How do epi and norepinephrine increase contractility?

A

Increase Ca²+ availability

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22
Q

Changes in what affect the force of contraction?

A

Peak Ca²+ concentrations; sarcomere length

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23
Q

According to the Frank-Starling Law, larger heart volume results in what?

A

Stronger contraction

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24
Q

According to Frank-Starling Law, a smaller heart volume results in what?

A

Weaker contraction

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25
Q

The sarcomere stretch is determined by what?

A

End diastolic volume

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26
Q

Why does a larger heart volume result in a larger heart contraction?

A

Heart needs to get to the same end volume (requires more force)

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27
Q

What’s a potential downside to the frank-starling law

A

Rise in blood pressure

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28
Q

How is contractility augmented by the sympathetic system? (3)

A
  1. Increase in systole duration
  2. More depolarizations/min
  3. Higher diastolic Ca²+ concentrations
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29
Q

What 3 hormones influence the macroscopic blood volume

A
  1. Aldosterone
  2. Antidiuretic hormones
  3. Atrial natriuretic hormone
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30
Q

Where is atrial natriuretic hormone produced? What is the response to it?

A

Right atrium; increased H2O/Na+ excretion from kidneys

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31
Q

What is the response to aldosterone?

A

Retention of Na+ and H2O

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32
Q

How do fluids move at the microscopic level?

A

Constantly through interstitial, intracellular, and vascular components

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33
Q

About how many total liters of fluid are present in the intracellular and extracellular levels?

A

~50 Liters

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34
Q

Whats the arteriolar fluid movement pressure for the capillaries

A

10 mmHg out

35
Q

What’s the venous fluid movement pressure at the capillary level?

A

7 mmHg in

36
Q

What is driven by selective permeabilty?

A

Oncotic pressure

37
Q

About what percent of water that leaves the plasma is recaputure?

A

90%

38
Q

About what percent of water is indirectly returned to the plasma via the lymphatics?

A

10%

39
Q

What is Poiseuille’s Law used for?

A

Resistance prediction for cylindrical tubes and newtonian fluids

40
Q

Blood flow varies directly with the fourth power of what?

A

vessel radius

41
Q

vasoconstriction is caused by..?

A

sympathetic nervous system

42
Q

vasodilation is caused by…?

A

withdrawal of sympathetic tone

43
Q

Vaso constriction does what to downstream circulation?

A

restricts

44
Q

vasodilation does what to downstream circulation?

A

opens

45
Q

The most blood resistance change occurs at what vessels?

A

arterioles

46
Q

In regards to blood flow, organ systems are ordered in what?

A

parallel

47
Q

What are 3 advantages of a parallel arrangement of organ systems?

A
  1. constant O2 supply
  2. can divert blood flow
  3. pressure gradient maintenance
48
Q

What are the 3 cardiovascular responses to exercise (or increased metabolic demand)

A
  1. increased cardiac output
  2. decreased total peripheral resistance
  3. diversion of blood
49
Q

During exercise, most blood diverts where? about what percentage is this?

A

skeletal muscles; 80-85%

50
Q

At rest, most blood diverts where?

A

GI tract, kidneys, brain, skeletal muscles

51
Q

What are two types of extrinsic controls of vasoconstriction/dilation?

A
  1. autonomic innervation
  2. paracrine controls
52
Q

In fight or flight responses, what will cholinergic fibers do to vessels?

A

cause vasodilation

53
Q

in fight or flight responses, adrenergic fibers will do what (regarding blood flow)?

A

close sphincters (gut and skin) to divert blood flow

54
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is ALWAYS what?

A

cholinergic and vasodilatory

55
Q

What are 2 types of intrinsic controls regarding vasoconstriction/dilation?

A
  1. myogenic
  2. metabolic
56
Q

This type of intrinsic control maintains constant flow in organs.

A

myogenic

57
Q

This type of intrinsic control responds to local conditions to trigger vasodilation

A

metabolic

58
Q

when blood pressure is high, myogenic control will do what to vascular smooth muscle?

A

constricts to prevent vessel rupture

59
Q

when blood pressure is low, myogenic control will do what to vascular smooth muscle?

A

dilates to maintain flow

60
Q

What three metabolic conditions will trigger vasodilation?

A
  1. decreased O2
  2. increased CO2
  3. low pH
61
Q

What can happen (metabolically) when a tourniquet is applied?

A

increased CO2 and acidity

62
Q

When a tourniquet is released, this can cause what?

A

hyperemia

63
Q

What are 3 keys to regulating blood pressure?

A
  1. blood volume
  2. cardiac output
  3. peripheral resistance
64
Q

The homeostasis of blood pressure is primarily regulated by what?

A

medulla oblongata

65
Q

The medulla oblongata receives input from what (in regards to blood pressure)?

A
  1. baroreceptors
  2. chemoreceptors
  3. ischemia
66
Q

These receptors in the aorta and carotid are responsible for sending input about pressure to the medulla oblongata

A

baroreceptors

67
Q

These receptors in the aorta and carotid are responsible for sending input about O2 and CO2 to the medulla oblongata

A

chemoreceptors

68
Q

these receptors that sense low O2 are found within the medulla oblongata itself

A

ischemia receptors

69
Q

The AP of baroreceptors increases regarding what conditions?

A

elevated blood pressure

70
Q

the system in place to stop bleeding response to injury

A

coagulation system

71
Q

Cells will naturally secrete what 3 things when experiencing no injury?

A
  1. prostaglandin I2
  2. nitric oxide
  3. CD39
72
Q

What is the purpose of CD39

A

breaks down ADP into AMP and Pi

73
Q

What prevents clotting (not secretions)?

A

intact endothelium

74
Q

this describes the stopping of bleeding

A

hemostasis

75
Q

what two things recruits more platelets?

A
  1. ADP
  2. Thromboxane A2
76
Q

Platelets will initially bind to

A

exposed collagen

77
Q

What factor holds aggregating platelets together?

A

Von Willebrand Factor

78
Q

Activated plasma clotting factors, leads to the development of what?

A

fibrin

79
Q

polymerized fibrin fragments do what?

A

“glue” platelets, WBCs, and RBCs

80
Q

A thickening of the tunica intima due to deposition of lipid, connective tissue, and inflammatory cells

A

Atheromatous plaques

81
Q

What is the #1 killer in North America?

A

Artherosclerosis

82
Q

Excess LDLs will likely become responsible for the formation of what?

A

Atheromatous plaques

83
Q

What is the primary job of LDLs

A

transport cholesterol to tissues

84
Q

What is the primary job of HDLs?

A

returns excess cholesterol back to the liver

85
Q

The attempted phagocytosis of LDLs via macrophages produces what?

A

Foam Cells

Physio (7 decks)

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