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Physio > digestive physio > Flashcards

digestive physio Flashcards

1
Q

the process of breaking polymers into monomers/components that can be used by the body.

A

digestion

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2
Q

this process takes digested monomers into the bloodstream to be allocated.

A

absorption

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3
Q

digestive tract functions 6

A

motility, secretion, digestion, absorption, storage/elimination, immune barrier

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4
Q

a muscular pocket that propels food into the esophagus

A

pharynx

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5
Q

a muscular tube that moves food by peristaltic contraction into the stomach

A

esophagus

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6
Q

these muscular rings control the ingress & egress of food or gastric contents

A

upper & lower esophageal sphincters

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7
Q

a spasm of the UES can lead to what?

A

dysphagia

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8
Q

a laxity of the LES can lead to what outcome?

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) –> cancer

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9
Q

the secretory & absorptive epithelial layer; Contains muscle that forms folds

A

mucosa

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10
Q

a very vascular tissue to transport nutrients; also has some glands, innervated

A

submucosa

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11
Q

smooth muscle; responsible for peristalsis and segmentation; innervated

A

muscularis

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12
Q

the outer protective layer of GI organs; allows for reduced friction during movement

A

serosa

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13
Q

a reservoir that chemically & mechanically preps food for intestinal digestion

A

stomach

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14
Q

20 ft of coiled loops that primarily aids in nutrient absorption and has a large surface area

A

small intestine

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15
Q

what three features allow for an increase surface are of the small intestine?

A

plicae
villi
microvilli

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16
Q

3 segments of small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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17
Q

receives bile & pancr. secretions; short that immediates starts from the stomach

A

duodenum

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18
Q

how long is the jejunum

A

8 ft

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19
Q

how long is the ileum

A

12 ft

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20
Q

what are 3 components of villus structure

A

columnar epithelium, goblet cells, intestinal crypts

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21
Q

what two cells are found in the intestinal crypts of small intestine villi?

A

stem cells and paneth cells

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22
Q

secrete protective mucus – helpful but not perfect

A

goblet cells

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23
Q

actively divide and migrate toward the tip of the villus.

A

stem cells

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24
Q

secrete antibacterial molecules; found in the villi

A

paneth cells

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25
Q

colon bacteria consists of what percent of dry fecal weight?

A

90%

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26
Q

the microflora of the colon produce what?

A

vitamin K, folic acid, short chain FAs

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27
Q

how much water is absorbed from the colon a day

A

1.5 liters

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28
Q

wavelike contractions of the GI tract; often with direction

A

peristalsis

29
Q

non-directional churning of GI organs

A

segmentation

30
Q

both peristalsis and segmentation are modified by what?

A

Autonomic nervous system

31
Q

gastric emptying time

A

2-6 hours

32
Q

small intestine transit time

A

5 hrs

33
Q

the stomachs pacemaker cells that spontaneously depolarize @ 3 per min

A

interstitial cells of Cajal

34
Q

5 gastric glands

A

mucous neck cells
chief cells
parietal cells
endocrine cells
enterochromaffin-like cells

35
Q

parietal cells secrete:

A

HCL & intrinsic factor

36
Q

secreted by parietal gastric gland cells that binds to vitamin B12 to prevent its digestion + increase absorption

A

intrinsic factor (IF)

37
Q

endocrine cells of the stomach secrete:

A

gastrin, ghrelin, and somatostatin

38
Q

hormone secreted by gastric endocrine cells that regulate digestion and increase the release of histmaine

A

gastrin

39
Q

hormone secreted by gastric endocrine cells that acts as an appetite stimulant

A

ghrelin

40
Q

hormone secreted by gastric endocrine cells that decrease overall gastric secretion

A

somatostatin

41
Q

this is an acid an food solution created by the digestive processes of the stomach

A

chyme

42
Q

these are paracrine regulators secreted by ECL cells in the stomach

A

serotonin and histamine

43
Q

H+ is pumped into the stomach via ______ of the parietal cells

A

H+/K+ ATPase

44
Q

what is the pH of stomach acid

A

~2

45
Q

what protects the epithelium of the stomach from digestive acids?

A

mucosa

46
Q

the HCl and acidic environment of the stomach converts this enzymatic precursor into pepsin

A

pepsinogen

47
Q

this hormone is released by ECL cells and stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl

A

histamine

48
Q

the low pH of the stomach triggers this; decreases gastrin and H+ secretion

A

enterogastric reflex

49
Q

inactive forms of digestive enzymes (ex. pepsinogen)

A

zymogens

50
Q

what is the optimal pH for trypsin (an intestinal enzyme) function?

A

~6-7

51
Q

these are the regions of the pancreas that perform endocrine function

A

Islets of Langerhans

52
Q

The Islets of Langerhans secrete what endocrine hormones?

A

insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

53
Q

These are the cells of the pancreas that perform exocrine function by secreting HCO3- and 20 zymogens

A

acinar cells

54
Q

what do acinar cells secrete?

A

HCO3- and 20 zymogens

55
Q

what are 3 of the 20 zymogens secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum?

A

trypsin, lipase, amylase

56
Q

this is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins

A

trypsin

57
Q

this is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fats

A

lipase

58
Q

this is a pancreatic enzyme that digests starch

A

amylase

59
Q

What does the high bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas do to the chyme from the stomach?

A

neutralizes it to create ideal pH for pancreatic enzyme activation

60
Q

this vessel picks up nutrients from the small intestine and delivers them to the liver

A

hepatic portal vein

61
Q

once the contents from the hepatic portal vein reach the liver, what happens to the blood?

A

detoxified, decontaminated, receives digestive enzymes, and distributed

62
Q

heme groups from dead RBCs are converted into protein bound what?

A

bilirubin

63
Q

how is bilirubin excreted?

A
  1. liver secretes bilirubin in bile
  2. converted into urobilirubin (via bacteria)
  3. some is reabsorbed
  4. most is secreted by kidneys
64
Q

these are formed from excess cholesterol and AAs; form micelles with fats to aid in excretion

A

bile salts

65
Q

what percentage of bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum and returned to the liver?

A

95%

66
Q

this is the circulation of bile salts from use by the intestines and then recycling back to the liver

A

enterohepatic circulation

67
Q

what are 3 complication of gallstone formation

A

cholecystitis
bile duct obstruction
pancreatitis

68
Q

triglycerides are complexed with proteins and cholesterol to form this; repackaged as LDLs

A

chylomicrons

69
Q

these are other enzymes secreted by the pancreas to aid in the digestion of complex sugars

A

sucrase, lactase, maltase

Physio (7 decks)

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