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digestive physio Flashcards

1
Q

the process of breaking polymers into monomers/components that can be used by the body.

A

digestion

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2
Q

this process takes digested monomers into the bloodstream to be allocated.

A

absorption

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3
Q

digestive tract functions 6

A

motility, secretion, digestion, absorption, storage/elimination, immune barrier

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4
Q

a muscular pocket that propels food into the esophagus

A

pharynx

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5
Q

a muscular tube that moves food by peristaltic contraction into the stomach

A

esophagus

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6
Q

these muscular rings control the ingress & egress of food or gastric contents

A

upper & lower esophageal sphincters

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7
Q

a spasm of the UES can lead to what?

A

dysphagia

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8
Q

a laxity of the LES can lead to what outcome?

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) –> cancer

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9
Q

the secretory & absorptive epithelial layer; Contains muscle that forms folds

A

mucosa

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10
Q

a very vascular tissue to transport nutrients; also has some glands, innervated

A

submucosa

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11
Q

smooth muscle; responsible for peristalsis and segmentation; innervated

A

muscularis

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12
Q

the outer protective layer of GI organs; allows for reduced friction during movement

A

serosa

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13
Q

a reservoir that chemically & mechanically preps food for intestinal digestion

A

stomach

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14
Q

20 ft of coiled loops that primarily aids in nutrient absorption and has a large surface area

A

small intestine

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15
Q

what three features allow for an increase surface are of the small intestine?

A

plicae
villi
microvilli

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16
Q

3 segments of small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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17
Q

receives bile & pancr. secretions; short that immediates starts from the stomach

A

duodenum

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18
Q

how long is the jejunum

A

8 ft

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19
Q

how long is the ileum

A

12 ft

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20
Q

what are 3 components of villus structure

A

columnar epithelium, goblet cells, intestinal crypts

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21
Q

what two cells are found in the intestinal crypts of small intestine villi?

A

stem cells and paneth cells

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22
Q

secrete protective mucus – helpful but not perfect

A

goblet cells

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23
Q

actively divide and migrate toward the tip of the villus.

A

stem cells

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24
Q

secrete antibacterial molecules; found in the villi

A

paneth cells

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25
colon bacteria consists of what percent of dry fecal weight?
90%
26
the microflora of the colon produce what?
vitamin K, folic acid, short chain FAs
27
how much water is absorbed from the colon a day
1.5 liters
28
wavelike contractions of the GI tract; often with direction
peristalsis
29
non-directional churning of GI organs
segmentation
30
both peristalsis and segmentation are modified by what?
Autonomic nervous system
31
gastric emptying time
2-6 hours
32
small intestine transit time
5 hrs
33
the stomachs pacemaker cells that spontaneously depolarize @ 3 per min
interstitial cells of Cajal
34
5 gastric glands
mucous neck cells chief cells parietal cells endocrine cells enterochromaffin-like cells
35
parietal cells secrete:
HCL & intrinsic factor
36
secreted by parietal gastric gland cells that binds to vitamin B12 to prevent its digestion + increase absorption
intrinsic factor (IF)
37
endocrine cells of the stomach secrete:
gastrin, ghrelin, and somatostatin
38
hormone secreted by gastric endocrine cells that regulate digestion and increase the release of histmaine
gastrin
39
hormone secreted by gastric endocrine cells that acts as an appetite stimulant
ghrelin
40
hormone secreted by gastric endocrine cells that decrease overall gastric secretion
somatostatin
41
this is an acid an food solution created by the digestive processes of the stomach
chyme
42
these are paracrine regulators secreted by ECL cells in the stomach
serotonin and histamine
43
H+ is pumped into the stomach via ______ of the parietal cells
H+/K+ ATPase
44
what is the pH of stomach acid
~2
45
what protects the epithelium of the stomach from digestive acids?
mucosa
46
the HCl and acidic environment of the stomach converts this enzymatic precursor into pepsin
pepsinogen
47
this hormone is released by ECL cells and stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl
histamine
48
the low pH of the stomach triggers this; decreases gastrin and H+ secretion
enterogastric reflex
49
inactive forms of digestive enzymes (ex. pepsinogen)
zymogens
50
what is the optimal pH for trypsin (an intestinal enzyme) function?
~6-7
51
these are the regions of the pancreas that perform endocrine function
Islets of Langerhans
52
The Islets of Langerhans secrete what endocrine hormones?
insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
53
These are the cells of the pancreas that perform exocrine function by secreting HCO3- and 20 zymogens
acinar cells
54
what do acinar cells secrete?
HCO3- and 20 zymogens
55
what are 3 of the 20 zymogens secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum?
trypsin, lipase, amylase
56
this is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins
trypsin
57
this is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fats
lipase
58
this is a pancreatic enzyme that digests starch
amylase
59
What does the high bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas do to the chyme from the stomach?
neutralizes it to create ideal pH for pancreatic enzyme activation
60
this vessel picks up nutrients from the small intestine and delivers them to the liver
hepatic portal vein
61
once the contents from the hepatic portal vein reach the liver, what happens to the blood?
detoxified, decontaminated, receives digestive enzymes, and distributed
62
heme groups from dead RBCs are converted into protein bound what?
bilirubin
63
how is bilirubin excreted?
1. liver secretes bilirubin in bile 2. converted into urobilirubin (via bacteria) 3. some is reabsorbed 4. most is secreted by kidneys
64
these are formed from excess cholesterol and AAs; form micelles with fats to aid in excretion
bile salts
65
what percentage of bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum and returned to the liver?
95%
66
this is the circulation of bile salts from use by the intestines and then recycling back to the liver
enterohepatic circulation
67
what are 3 complication of gallstone formation
cholecystitis bile duct obstruction pancreatitis
68
triglycerides are complexed with proteins and cholesterol to form this; repackaged as LDLs
chylomicrons
69
these are other enzymes secreted by the pancreas to aid in the digestion of complex sugars
sucrase, lactase, maltase

Physio (7 decks)

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