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Physio > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary roles of the kidney?

A
  1. Plasma modification
  2. Excretion
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2
Q

What are the secondary roles of the kidney?

A
  1. Hormone production
  2. Blood pressure control
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3
Q

What 3 things are modified by the kidney to alter blood plasma?

A
  1. Ph
  2. Electrolytes
  3. Blood pressure/volume
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4
Q

This substance is a product of nitrogen metabolism (AAs) that is toxic to the body in high concentrations.

A

Urea

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5
Q

What kidney hormone stimulates red blood cell production?

A

Erythropoietin

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6
Q

What hormone produced by the kidney is responsible for blood pressure control?

A

Renin

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7
Q

The nephron begins in what portion of the kidney?

A

Cortex

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8
Q

Each renal pyramid is associated with what portion of the kidney?

A

Minor calyx

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9
Q

This kidney tissue consists of a majority of the renal pyramid and is often very highly concentrated.

A

Medulla

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10
Q

About how many nephrons are in the human body?

A

~3 million

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11
Q

This functional unit of the kidney is the interface between capillaries and the urine collecting system.

A

Nephron

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12
Q

What is the pathway of blood flow coupled with a nephron?

A

Afferent arteriole —> glomerulus —> efferent arteriole —> peritubular capillaries

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13
Q

This vasculature directs blood flow into the glomerulus

A

Afferent arteriole

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14
Q

This vasculature directs blood flow away from the glomerulus

A

Efferent arteriole

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15
Q

The renal corpuscle consists of what portions of the kidney?

A

Glomerulus + glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

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16
Q

The plasma of the renal corpuscle must pass through what 3 barriers to reach the primary convoluted tubule?

A
  1. Capillary fenestrae
  2. Basement membrane
    3 . Visceral layer
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17
Q

The basement membrane of the glomerular corpuscle primarily consists of what?

A

Collagen

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18
Q

What is the primary layer of the glomerular corpuscle for protein retention?

A

Visceral layer

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19
Q

In the modification of plasma, the kidney must perform what 3 tasks?

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorbtion
  3. Secretion
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20
Q

This renal function occurs in response to changes in blood pressure (increase or decrease) to maintain constancy of flow

A

Renal Autoregulation

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21
Q

This portion of the juxtaglomerular apparatus releases adenosine in response to increases of water + Na+ in the distal tubule (constricting the arteriole)

A

Macula densa

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22
Q

What are two types of renal filtration regulation?

A
  1. Renal autoregulation
  2. Sympathetic influences
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23
Q

An anatomical unit of the kidney located at the hilus of the glomerulus; it is believed to be involved in the feedback control of renal blood flow and GFR

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

24
Q

About how many liters of blood per hour go to the kidneys?

A

60 liters an hour

25
Q

About how many liters of blood are processed by the kidneys in 24 hours?

A

1400 liters

26
Q

About what percentage of the blood processed by the kidneys enters the renal tubule as filtrate through the glomerular capsule?

A

13%

27
Q

How to calculate glomerular filtration rate?

A

GFR = filtrate volume (mL) / min

28
Q

About how many liters of urine are produced a day? What percentage of total blood flow to the kidneys is that?

A

1-2 liters (1%)

29
Q

What is the obligate urine volume that must be produced by humans to stay alive?

A

400 mL

30
Q

Reabsorption of water in the kidneys is predominantly aided by what structure?

A

Aquaporins

31
Q

What is reabsorbed from the filtrate?

A
  1. Electrolytes
  2. Glucose
  3. Amino acids
  4. Water
32
Q

what is secreted into the filtrate?

A

drugs and toxins

33
Q

what is the mOsm difference from the cortex to the medulla?

A

900 mOsm

34
Q

what is the principle role of the proximal tubules?

A

reabsorption

35
Q

once in the cell, glucose and AAs diffuse passively to what?

A

interstitial fluid

36
Q

a blood glucose level greater than180 results in what condition?

A

glucosuria

37
Q

what ion provides the gradient needed to transport glucose/AAs from the filtrate of the proximal tubule into the blood

A

Na+

38
Q

this is a portion of the ascending loop of henle that limits passive diffusion of ions from the interstitium into cells

A

thick wall

39
Q

these are blood sources that are freely permeable to H20 and NaCl from the filtrate of the Loop of henle

A

vasa recta (peritubular capillaries)

40
Q

H2O is lost in moderation in the _______ part of the Henle loop and is regained in the _____ part

A

descending, ascending

41
Q

a toxic waste product of protein metabolism that must be removed from the blood

A

urea

42
Q

this ion is absorbed via parathyroid hormone-regulated channels AND active pumping

A

calcium

43
Q

paratyroid hormone-regulated Ca channels are on what side of the tubule cells?

A

luminal side

44
Q

active Ca2+ pumps are found on what side of the tubule cells?

A

basal

45
Q

what is the concentration of the urine leaving the distal tubule?

A

~100 mOsm

46
Q

this is a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary in response to an increase in plasma osmolality/dehydration; inserts aquaporins into cell membrane

A

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

47
Q

this hormone stimulates collecting duct cells to synth luminal Na/K channels and ATPase pumps

A

aldosterone

48
Q

this hormone is released in response to decrease Na or increase K; regulates the release of aldosterone

A

renin

49
Q

this hormone is released by the atrium in response to an increasing blood volume; decreases Na/K pumps and looses more Na and H2O

A

ANH (arial-natriuretic hormone)

50
Q

urine is mostly acidic due to the reabsorption of what?

A

bicarbonate

51
Q

Carbonic anhydrase is located where in the nephron?

A

proximal tubule apical cell membrane

52
Q

What are 5 renal excretory functions (i.e. what ends up in the urine?)

A

nitrogenous waste
electrolytes
hormones
toxins
non-normals

53
Q

this nephron organ actively transports Na+ and water follows it passively

A

proximal tubule

54
Q

this nephron organ passively transports water onle

A

descending loop of Henle

55
Q

this nephron organ actively transports Na+ and is impermeable to water flow

A

ascending loop of Henle

Physio (7 decks)

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