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Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary roles of the kidney?

A
  1. Plasma modification
  2. Excretion
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2
Q

What are the secondary roles of the kidney?

A
  1. Hormone production
  2. Blood pressure control
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3
Q

What 3 things are modified by the kidney to alter blood plasma?

A
  1. Ph
  2. Electrolytes
  3. Blood pressure/volume
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4
Q

This substance is a product of nitrogen metabolism (AAs) that is toxic to the body in high concentrations.

A

Urea

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5
Q

What kidney hormone stimulates red blood cell production?

A

Erythropoietin

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6
Q

What hormone produced by the kidney is responsible for blood pressure control?

A

Renin

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7
Q

The nephron begins in what portion of the kidney?

A

Cortex

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8
Q

Each renal pyramid is associated with what portion of the kidney?

A

Minor calyx

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9
Q

This kidney tissue consists of a majority of the renal pyramid and is often very highly concentrated.

A

Medulla

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10
Q

About how many nephrons are in the human body?

A

~3 million

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11
Q

This functional unit of the kidney is the interface between capillaries and the urine collecting system.

A

Nephron

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12
Q

What is the pathway of blood flow coupled with a nephron?

A

Afferent arteriole —> glomerulus —> efferent arteriole —> peritubular capillaries

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13
Q

This vasculature directs blood flow into the glomerulus

A

Afferent arteriole

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14
Q

This vasculature directs blood flow away from the glomerulus

A

Efferent arteriole

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15
Q

The renal corpuscle consists of what portions of the kidney?

A

Glomerulus + glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

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16
Q

The plasma of the renal corpuscle must pass through what 3 barriers to reach the primary convoluted tubule?

A
  1. Capillary fenestrae
  2. Basement membrane
    3 . Visceral layer
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17
Q

The basement membrane of the glomerular corpuscle primarily consists of what?

A

Collagen

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18
Q

What is the primary layer of the glomerular corpuscle for protein retention?

A

Visceral layer

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19
Q

In the modification of plasma, the kidney must perform what 3 tasks?

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorbtion
  3. Secretion
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20
Q

This renal function occurs in response to changes in blood pressure (increase or decrease) to maintain constancy of flow

A

Renal Autoregulation

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21
Q

This portion of the juxtaglomerular apparatus releases adenosine in response to increases of water + Na+ in the distal tubule (constricting the arteriole)

A

Macula densa

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22
Q

What are two types of renal filtration regulation?

A
  1. Renal autoregulation
  2. Sympathetic influences
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23
Q

An anatomical unit of the kidney located at the hilus of the glomerulus; it is believed to be involved in the feedback control of renal blood flow and GFR

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

24
Q

About how many liters of blood per hour go to the kidneys?

A

60 liters an hour

25
About how many liters of blood are processed by the kidneys in 24 hours?
1400 liters
26
About what percentage of the blood processed by the kidneys enters the renal tubule as filtrate through the glomerular capsule?
13%
27
How to calculate glomerular filtration rate?
GFR = filtrate volume (mL) / min
28
About how many liters of urine are produced a day? What percentage of total blood flow to the kidneys is that?
1-2 liters (1%)
29
What is the obligate urine volume that must be produced by humans to stay alive?
400 mL
30
Reabsorption of water in the kidneys is predominantly aided by what structure?
Aquaporins
31
What is reabsorbed from the filtrate?
1. Electrolytes 2. Glucose 3. Amino acids 4. Water
32
what is secreted into the filtrate?
drugs and toxins
33
what is the mOsm difference from the cortex to the medulla?
900 mOsm
34
what is the principle role of the proximal tubules?
reabsorption
35
once in the cell, glucose and AAs diffuse passively to what?
interstitial fluid
36
a blood glucose level greater than180 results in what condition?
glucosuria
37
what ion provides the gradient needed to transport glucose/AAs from the filtrate of the proximal tubule into the blood
Na+
38
this is a portion of the ascending loop of henle that limits passive diffusion of ions from the interstitium into cells
thick wall
39
these are blood sources that are freely permeable to H20 and NaCl from the filtrate of the Loop of henle
vasa recta (peritubular capillaries)
40
H2O is lost in moderation in the _______ part of the Henle loop and is regained in the _____ part
descending, ascending
41
a toxic waste product of protein metabolism that must be removed from the blood
urea
42
this ion is absorbed via parathyroid hormone-regulated channels AND active pumping
calcium
43
paratyroid hormone-regulated Ca channels are on what side of the tubule cells?
luminal side
44
active Ca2+ pumps are found on what side of the tubule cells?
basal
45
what is the concentration of the urine leaving the distal tubule?
~100 mOsm
46
this is a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary in response to an increase in plasma osmolality/dehydration; inserts aquaporins into cell membrane
ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
47
this hormone stimulates collecting duct cells to synth luminal Na/K channels and ATPase pumps
aldosterone
48
this hormone is released in response to decrease Na or increase K; regulates the release of aldosterone
renin
49
this hormone is released by the atrium in response to an increasing blood volume; decreases Na/K pumps and looses more Na and H2O
ANH (arial-natriuretic hormone)
50
urine is mostly acidic due to the reabsorption of what?
bicarbonate
51
Carbonic anhydrase is located where in the nephron?
proximal tubule apical cell membrane
52
What are 5 renal excretory functions (i.e. what ends up in the urine?)
nitrogenous waste electrolytes hormones toxins non-normals
53
this nephron organ actively transports Na+ and water follows it passively
proximal tubule
54
this nephron organ passively transports water onle
descending loop of Henle
55
this nephron organ actively transports Na+ and is impermeable to water flow
ascending loop of Henle

Physio (7 decks)

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