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APP Foundations > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the point of the Respiratory System?

A

To get oxygen into the body, so it can get into blood, and hence to all cells, where food
molecules can be burned in oxygen, to break the bonds, to release energy for the cell

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2
Q

What are the 3 steps in Respiration?

A

Breathing (pulmonary ventilation), extemal resp, internal respiration

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3
Q

What is cellular respiration and where does it happen?

A

Cellular respiration is the burning of food in the cell in order to produce energy

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4
Q

What do the mucus membranes in the nose do?

A

Catch dust, pathogens etc and prevent entry of them into lungs

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5
Q

What are the tonsils and what are they for ?

A

Collections of white blood cells in the throat which prevent the entry of pathogens into body

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6
Q

What stops food going down the trachea?

A

The epiglottis

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7
Q

Where is the thyroid gland?

A

Around the larynx

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8
Q

Which glands are embedded in the thyroid glands ?

A

Parathyroids, of which there are 4

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9
Q

Where are the vocal cords?

A

Larynx

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10
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A

The trachea is lined with mucus membranes (epithelium)

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11
Q

What does the trachea split into?

A

Left and right bronchi

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12
Q

How many lobes are there in the right lung and how many in the left lung?

A

There are 3 lobes in the right lung and 2 lobes in the left lung

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13
Q

What structures lie at the end of the terminal bronchioles ?

A

Alveoli

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14
Q

Why is it possible for the terminal bronchioles to close off the airways, causing asthma?

A

There is less cartilage to keep them open and more smooth muscle bands which can spasm

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15
Q

How thick are the walls of the alveoli?

A

One cell thick

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16
Q

Are there white blood cells inside alveoli?

A

Yes there are white blood cells in the alveoli

17
Q

What are the 2 main kinds of fibers in the walls of alveoli? (theyre labelled in the diagram)

A

Elastic and reticular fibers

18
Q

Why do you need water to line the alveoli?

A

For the oxygen to dissolve into

19
Q

Which 2 gases diffuse into and out of the alveoli?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

20
Q

What happens to the diaphragm on inspiration?

A

It goes down

21
Q

What are the main muscles of inspiration?

A

The diaphragm and extra intercostal muscles are the main muscle groups in passive inspiration.
In forced inspiration muscles of the neck, the scalenes and sternocleidomastoid, also contract to allow extra air into lungs.

22
Q

Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?

A

The phrenic nerve

23
Q

What brings the chest wall and lungs back after inspiration under normal quiet breathing?

A

Elastic recoil

24
Q

What % of blood oxygen is in haemoglobin and what % is dissolved in water?

A

98.5% of blood oxygen is in hemoglobin, and 1.5% is dissolved into water

25
Q

What kind of molecule is hemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin is a protein

26
Q

What % of carbon dioxide is dissolved in plasma?

A

7% of carbon dioxide is dissolved in plasma

27
Q

From which part of the brain is the basic rhythm of respiration controlled, and what is special
about the neurones there?

A

The rhythm of respiration is controlled in the Medulla rhythmicity centre, and the neurons there are special because they’re self exciting

28
Q

In which part of the brain are the nerves that modify the basic rhythm of respiration?

A

The pons, a portion of the brain stem lying above the medulla oblongata and below the cerebellum

29
Q

Name 5 changes that may stimulate a change in the basic rate of respiration

A

Temperature
Pain
Stretch
Chemoreception
Limbic system
Airway irritation
Hypothalamus

30
Q

Give 2 reasons why susceptibility to pulmonary disorders increases with age

A

Decreased macrophage activity
Decreased ciliary activity

31
Q

What does chronic cigarette smoke do to lungs ?

A

Chronic cigarette smoke destroys lung capacity by destroying alveoli and collapsing respiratory bronchioles leading to emphysema

32
Q

How may smoke contribute to cancer anywhere in the body?

A

Smoke contains carcinogens which are absorbed into blood and carried around the body

33
Q

What are the 2 types of COPD?

A

Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema

34
Q

What is the cause of Tuberculosis?

A

bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis
Affects the lungs, but can then spread into other parts of the body

35
Q

What is pleurisy?

A

Inflammation of the pleura in the lungs

36
Q

What causes Coryza (common cold) ?

A

Rhinovirus

APP Foundations (9 decks)

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