Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of larynx

A

Holds the vocal chords, used for breathing (trachea), talking and swallowing (oesophagus)

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2
Q

Function of trachea

A

Windpipe - allows inhaled air to travel into the lungs. it connects the larynx with the bronchi. it is supported by rings of cartilage.

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3
Q

Function of alveoli

A

Air sacs at the end of the bronchioles, where gaseous exchange takes place. oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is released from the blood

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4
Q

Function of diaphragm

A

Muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen, and allows the lungs to move.

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5
Q

Function of the intercostal muscles

A

Muscles found between the ribs that work with the diaphragm to allow the rib cage to change in volume

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6
Q

Function of the pleural membrane

A

2 layers that are thin and slippery and allow the lungs to move easily during ventilation

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7
Q

Function of the bronchus

A

Main passageway to the lungs

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8
Q

Function of the ribs

A

Moveable cage that encloses and protects the lungs

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9
Q

Function of the lungs

A

Cone shaped organ that sit in the chest cavity, where ventilation occurs

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10
Q

Function of the bronchiole

A

Transfers air from the bronchus to the alveoli. they have muscular walls.

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11
Q

Function of the cilia

A

Tiny hairs that line the passages (trachea, bronchus, bronchioles). Mucus is produced to trap dirt, dust and pathogens. They then move the mucus towards the throat to be swallowed.

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12
Q

Inhalation

A

Intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract. the diaphragm flattens and the ribcage and sternum move up and out. the volume of the thorax increases in size and the pressure decreases. air is forced into the lungs

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13
Q

Exhalation

A

Intercostal muscles and the diaphragm relax. the ribcage and sternum move down and in. the volume of the thorax decreases and the pressure increases, forcing air out.

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14
Q

Function of goblet cells

A

Secrete and produce mucus

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15
Q

Biological explanation for asthma

A

Inflammation of the bronchi, making them more sensitive.
Sometimes allergies can cause the muscles to constrict and there’s an increase in the sticky mucus (phlegm).

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16
Q

Symptoms of asthma

A

Recurring episodes of wheezing, breathlesness, tightness of the chest
Asthma ‘attacks’, where epispdes of wheezing can only be relieved by reliever inhalers

17
Q

Possible causes of asthma

A

Exact cause not known
Risk factors:
-Hereditary
- Exposure to tobacco smoke as a child or in the womb
- Triggers
- Being born prematurely
- No resistence due to modern hygiene standards

18
Q

Monitoring of asthma

A

Peak flow test - can see how much you can breathe out
Spirometry - diagnosis test

19
Q

Treatment of asthma

A

No cure
Preventer inhalers to stop symptoms developing
Reliever inhalers to relieve symptoms when they occur
Injections to control symptoms
Surgery to open airways more

20
Q

Medication for asthma

A

Tablets to stop or control symptoms

21
Q

Gaseous exchange definition

A

The delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide. It occurs in the lungs between the alveoli and a network of capillaries.

22
Q

Brief explanation of gaseous exchange

A

There is a higher concentration of oxygen in inhaled air than there is in the blood. Oxygen diffuses into the blood and combines with the haemoglobin in the eurythrocytes, forming oxyhaemoglobin.

23
Q

Aerobic respiration explanation

A

Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

24
Q

Anaerobic repiration explanation

A

Glucose = lactic acid (+ energy)

25
Q

Emphysema biological explanation

A

A condition within a group of respiratory illnesses called COPD. Chemicals in the air paralyse the cilia and eventually kills them, leading to a build up of mucus. Pathogens get trapped in the lungs, and increaed exposure weakens the lungs.

26
Q

Emphysema causes

A

Long-term smoking, air pollution, chemical fumes and dust

27
Q

Asthma lifestyle changes

A

Unable to participate in sporting activities

28
Q

Emphysema lifestyle changes

A

Increased breathlessness could affect intimacy
A stairlift may be needed to help a person get upstairs
Emotional and social issues of struggling to complete tasks
Oxygen cylinder to assist with breathing could lead to people feeling left out

29
Q

Monitoring, treatment and care needs of emphysema

A

No cure but treatment would slow symptoms
Avoid irritants
Lose weight and regular exercise
A chext x-ray or a CT scan

30
Q

Biological explanation of cystic fibrosis

A

Present from birth. Producing unusually thick and sticky mucus.

31
Q

Asthma symptoms

A

Increase in the production of mucus.
Wheezing, shortness of breath, tight chest and coughing

32
Q

Symptoms of cystic fibrosis

A

Digestive complications can lead to wind or constipation or diarrhea
Coughing and repeated chest infections

33
Q

Lifestyle changes of cystic fibrosis

A

Greater risk of developing depression
Can restrict socialising due to treatment regimes
Reduced life expectancy