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Anatomy And Physiology > Regulatory System > Flashcards

Regulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

5 regulatory glands and what they produce

A

Adrenal - adrenaline
Pituiary gland - ADH
Thyroid - thyroxine
Pancreas - insulin
Testes/ovaries - testosterone/oestrogen

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2
Q

Function of renal artery

A

Supplies blood to the kidneys

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3
Q

Function of renal vein

A

Takes blood from the kidneys to the heart

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4
Q

Function of uterer

A

Takes urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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5
Q

Function of bladder

A

Stores urine before it’s removed from the body

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6
Q

Function of urethra

A

Takes urine out of the bladder

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7
Q

Function of medulla

A

Controls the concentration of urine

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8
Q

Function of cortex

A

Outer layer that contains the nephrons

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9
Q

Function of renal pelvis

A

Space where the kidneys rest

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10
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

In the glomerulus, water, glucose and ions are forced out through the semi-permeable membrane

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11
Q

Selective reabsorption

A

In the loop of henle, certain substances are reabsorbed into the capillary by active transport

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12
Q

Removal of waste

A

Excess water and ions and urea go to the bladder

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13
Q

Homeostasis definition

A

Maintain constant internal levels

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14
Q

Cerebral cortex structure and function

A

Wrinkly, outermost layer of the brain, responsible for thinking and processing sensory information from the body. There are 4 lobes, each responsible for processing different types of information. It is made of tightly packed neurones.

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15
Q

Cerebellum structure and function

A

Positioned at the back of the skull, it coordinates and regulates muscle activity like gross and fine motor skills. It also controls balance.

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16
Q

Frontal lobes structure amd function

A

Carry out higher level mental processes like thinking, decision-making and planning

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17
Q

Corpus callosum structure and function

A

Bridge of nerve tissue that connects and enables communication between the 2 sides

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18
Q

Hypothalamus structure and function

A

Reactor for homeostasis

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19
Q

Medulla structure and function

A

Carries out unconscious processes like breathing, swallowing and heart rate

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20
Q

Menines structure and function

A

3 layers of membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord

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21
Q

Axon structure and function

A

Long thread-like part of a nerve cell, where impulses are transmitted across to other cells.

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22
Q

Dendron structure and function

A

Short branched structures to receive electrical impulses and army them towards the cell body.

23
Q

Myelin sheath structure and function

A

Fatty white substance surrounding the axon as a protective and insulating layer, to allow impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently

24
Q

Sequence of a reflex arc

A

Stimulus is detected by receptors
Signal travels along sensory neurone
Signal passes from sensory neurone to relay neurone
Signal passes from relay neurone to motor neurone
Signal reaches reactor

25
Q

Function of dendrites

A

Connect one neurone to another and bring the impulse toward the cell body

26
Q

Function of cell body

A

Contains the nucleus which controls the cell

27
Q

Function of axon

A

Can be very long. Carries the impulse away from the cell body

28
Q

Function of myelin sheath

A

Acts as an insulator to ensure electrical transmission of electrical impulses

29
Q

Function of schwann cell

A

Make up the myelin sheath

30
Q

Function of node of ranvier

A

Slight gap in myelin sheath between one schwann cell and the next

31
Q

Function of synaptic end bulb

A

Where the end plate axon ends

32
Q

Stroke symptoms and effects

A

Paralysis
Loss of vision
Dizziness
Confusion
Difficulty understanding what people are saying
Problems with balance and coordination
Difficulty swallowing
Loss of consciousness

33
Q

Biological explanation stroke (ischaemic)

A

Blood clot blocks the blood and oxygen getting to the brain

34
Q

Biological explanation stroke (haemorrhagic)

A

Blood vessel in the skull bursts and bleeds into and around the brain

35
Q

Causes of stroke (ischaemic)

A

Blood clots form where arteries have been narrowed or blocked by plaque.
Irregular heart beat can cause blood clots to break apart from the heart and travel to the brain

36
Q

Causes of stroke (haemorrhagic)

A

High blood pressure and abnormally formed blood vessels.
Lifestyle factors such as smoking, unhealthy diet, stress

37
Q

Diagnosis of strokes

A

CT scans and MRI scans

38
Q

Medication of strokes

A

Aspirin
Beta-blockers for high blood pressure
Statins
Alteplase dissolves blood clots

39
Q

Surgery for strokes

A

Surgical stents
Thrombectomy - remove blood clot

40
Q

Care for stroke

A

Feeding tube if difficulty swallowing
Mobility aids
Physiotherapy

41
Q

Impacts of stroke

A

Regular check-ups
Home adaptations
Surgery
Problems with mobility
Emotional and social effects

42
Q

Endocrine glands definition

A

The organs that produce hormones and secrete them into the blood stream

43
Q

Hormones definition

A

Chemicals that make things happen inside the body. Each hormone has a different function to maintain homeostasis and manage the body

44
Q

Impacts of diabetes

A

Type 2:
Healthy diet
Regular monitoring
Lose weight
Stop smoking
Regular check ups

45
Q

Type 1 diabetes vs Type 2 diabetes

A

Type 1 - the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin
Type 2 - where the body doesn’t produce enough insulin, or the body’s cells don’t react to insulin

46
Q

Symptoms of diabetes

A

Feeling very thirsty
Peeing more frequently
Fatigue
Unexplained weight loss
Frequent episodes of thrush
Wounds that heal slowly
Blurred vision

47
Q

Monitoring of diabetes

A

Check blood sugar
Test to check recent blood sugar
Urine composition
Blood pressure
Eye test
Blood pressure monitoring

48
Q

Medication for Type 1 diabetes

A

Inject insulin to control blood glucose levels
Long acting, background or basal insulin
Fast acting, bolus insulin

49
Q

Medication for Type 2 diabetes

A

Metamorfin which lowers blood sugar levels
Could be prescribed to lose weight

50
Q

Biological explanation of diabetes

A

The body cannot break down glucose

51
Q

Causes of diabetes

A

Genetics
Being overweight - Type 1
Lack of exercise

52
Q

Impacts of diabetes

A

Type 2:
Healthy diet
Regular monitoring
Lose weight
Stop smoking
Regular check ups

53
Q

Osmoregulation - too much

A
  • Increase in water levels
  • Change detected by hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland releases less ADH
  • Decrease in permeability of collecting duct
  • Dilute urine and less water re-absorbed into the blood
54
Q

Osmoregulation - not enough

A
  • Decrease in water levels
  • Change detected by hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland releases more ADH
  • Increase in permeability of collecting duct
  • Concentrated urine and less water re-absorbed into the blood

Anatomy And Physiology (7 decks)

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