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Anatomy And Physiology > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

5 types of synovial joint and where

A

Ball and socket (hip)
Pivot (neck)
Hinge (elbow)
Gliding (wrist)
Fixed (skull)

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2
Q

6 roles of the skeleton

A

Support
Protection
Assisting in movement
Production of red blood cells
Storage of minerals
Storage of chemical energy

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3
Q

5 types of bone

A

Flat
Short
Long
Sesamoid
Irregular

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4
Q

Function of periosteum

A

Exterior membrane of the bone

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5
Q

Function of osteoblasts

A

Produce bones

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6
Q

Function of ostoeclasts

A

Breaks down bones

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7
Q

Function of osteocytes

A

Produced from osteoblasts, when they get trapped within bone and develop special features

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8
Q

Function of osteon

A

Main structural unit of compact bone

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9
Q

Canaliculi function

A

Small canals for nutrition

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10
Q

Lamellae function

A

Thin layer of membrane of each canal

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11
Q

Lacunae containing osteocytes function

A

Gaps with materials that help maintain bone and increase in size

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12
Q

Trabeculae

A

Thin columns and plates that create a spongy texture in cancellous bone

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13
Q

Haversian canal function

A

Narrow tubes accommodating nerves and capillaries. Allows bone to receive oxygen and nutrients without high vascular activity

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14
Q

Volkmann’s canal function

A

Runs across to assist nerve and blood supply to haversian canal from the periosteum

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15
Q

Periosteum function

A

Thin external membrane of the bone

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16
Q

Periosteum function

A

Thin external membrane of the bone

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17
Q

3 types of joint

A

Fibrous (immovable)
Cartilaginous (partially movable)
Synovial (freely movable)

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18
Q

Joint cavity function

A

The pocket that holds the bones

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19
Q

Joint capsule function

A

Walls of the joint cavity

20
Q

Synovial membrane and fluid function

A

The inner part of the joint capsule, which releases fluid into the cavity to lubricate it and act as a shock absorber

21
Q

Cartilage function

A

Covers the end of bones, shaped so they fit together

22
Q

Ligament function

A

Joins bones to bones, restrict movement

23
Q

Tendons function

A

Joins muscles to bones, enable movement

24
Q

Bursae function

A

Small sacs of fluid that sit between bones, and muscles or tendons

25
Q

Describe elbow action

A

Bicep relaxes - antagonist muscle
Tricep contracts - agonist muscle

26
Q

Osteoarthritis (wear and tear) biological explanation

A

Thinned cartilage in joint, thins and roughened everytime you move
Little to no synovial fluid, so tendons and ligaments work harder, causes swelling
Bones rub on eachother, change shape

27
Q

Osteoarthritis causes (factors)

A

Age
Family history
Gender (females)

28
Q

Osteoarthritis causes (biology)

A

Damage to cartilage
Injuries
Previous conditions eg gout
Obesity

29
Q

Osteoarthritis symptoms

A

Pain
Stiffness
Joint tiredness
Joints seem larger
Grating/crackling in joint
Limited range in movement
Weakness in muscle

30
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis biological cause

A

An autoimmune condition where antibodies attack the lining of the joints. It causes bone and cartilage to break down

31
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis causes (factors)

A

NO KNOWN EXACT CAUSE
Genes
Hormones

32
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis causes (biology)

A

NO KNOWN EXACT CAUSE
Smoking

33
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis symptoms

A

Pain
Stiffness
Swelling
Warmth
Redness

34
Q

Diagnosis and monitoring of both arthritis

A

X-rays
MRI scans
Assess physical ability

35
Q

Osteroarthritis treatment

A

NO CURE
Physiotherapy
Surgery
Steroids and painkillers (NSAIDs, paracetamol)

36
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis treatment

A

NO CURE
Physiotherapy
Surgery
Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

37
Q

Osteoarthritis lifestyle changes

A

Maintaining a healthy diet and weight
Regulat exercsie

38
Q

Osteoporosis monitoring

A

Bone density scans (DEXA scan)
Blood tests
Fracture of an unusual bone eg wrist, shoulder, vertebrae

39
Q

Osteoporosis treatment

A

Taking calcium and vitamin D supplements
Carrying out load-bearing exercises
Taking HRT (hormone replacement therapy)
Taking biophosphates
Taking medication for strenghtening bones
Having physiotherapy
Using TENs

40
Q

Osteoporosis biological explanation

A

When osteroblasts and osteoclasts are imbalanced, making bones more fragile and decreasing bone density.
Fewer trabeculae, thinning of cortical bone, widening of haversian canal, so a higher risk of fractures

41
Q

Osteoporosis causes (biology)

A

COPD (chronic destructive pulmonary disease)
Rheumatoid arthritis (autoimmune attack on osteoblasts)
Ovary removal
High dosage of steroids for more than 3 months

42
Q

Osteoporosis causes (factors)

A

Aging faster
Gender - more common in women
Eating disorder
Heavy drinking and smoking
First few years post-menopause
Early menopause (pre-45)
Low BMI
Lack of exercise

43
Q

Osteoporosis symptoms

A

Easy fractures - wrist, hip, ribs and vertabrae

44
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis lifestyle changes

A

Nutritional supplements
Healthier diet
Support from medical professionals
Informal support from loved ones

45
Q

Osteoporosis treatment

A

Medication - biophosphates
Calcium and vitamin D supplements
HRT (hormone replacement therapy)
Testosterone therapy

46
Q

Impacts of musculoskeletal malfunctions

A

Medication
Regular check-ups and monitoring appointments
Eating healthy, dietary changes
Taking care to avoid fractures
Loss of height
Coping with pain
May become immobile, housebound
Walking aids
House adaptations
Recovery from surgery
Help doing basic activities eg preparing meals

Anatomy And Physiology (7 decks)

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