Musculoskeletal

Question 1

5 types of synovial joint and where

Answer 1

Ball and socket (hip)
Pivot (neck)
Hinge (elbow)
Gliding (wrist)
Fixed (skull)

Question 2

6 roles of the skeleton

Answer 2

Support
Protection
Assisting in movement
Production of red blood cells
Storage of minerals
Storage of chemical energy

Question 3

5 types of bone

Answer 3

Flat
Short
Long
Sesamoid
Irregular

Question 4

Function of periosteum

Answer 4

Exterior membrane of the bone

Question 5

Function of osteoblasts

Answer 5

Produce bones

Question 6

Function of ostoeclasts

Answer 6

Breaks down bones

Question 7

Function of osteocytes

Answer 7

Produced from osteoblasts, when they get trapped within bone and develop special features

Question 8

Function of osteon

Answer 8

Main structural unit of compact bone

Question 9

Canaliculi function

Answer 9

Small canals for nutrition

Question 10

Lamellae function

Answer 10

Thin layer of membrane of each canal

Question 11

Lacunae containing osteocytes function

Answer 11

Gaps with materials that help maintain bone and increase in size

Question 12

Trabeculae

Answer 12

Thin columns and plates that create a spongy texture in cancellous bone

Question 13

Haversian canal function

Answer 13

Narrow tubes accommodating nerves and capillaries. Allows bone to receive oxygen and nutrients without high vascular activity

Question 14

Volkmann’s canal function

Answer 14

Runs across to assist nerve and blood supply to haversian canal from the periosteum

Question 15

Periosteum function

Answer 15

Thin external membrane of the bone

Question 16

Periosteum function

Answer 16

Thin external membrane of the bone

Question 17

3 types of joint

Answer 17

Fibrous (immovable)
Cartilaginous (partially movable)
Synovial (freely movable)

Question 18

Joint cavity function

Answer 18

The pocket that holds the bones

Question 19

Joint capsule function

Answer 19

Walls of the joint cavity

Question 20

Synovial membrane and fluid function

Answer 20

The inner part of the joint capsule, which releases fluid into the cavity to lubricate it and act as a shock absorber

Question 21

Cartilage function

Answer 21

Covers the end of bones, shaped so they fit together

Question 22

Ligament function

Answer 22

Joins bones to bones, restrict movement

Question 23

Tendons function

Answer 23

Joins muscles to bones, enable movement

Question 24

Bursae function

Answer 24

Small sacs of fluid that sit between bones, and muscles or tendons

Question 25

Describe elbow action

Answer 25

Bicep relaxes - antagonist muscle Tricep contracts - agonist muscle

Question 26

Osteoarthritis (wear and tear) biological explanation

Answer 26

Thinned cartilage in joint, thins and roughened everytime you move Little to no synovial fluid, so tendons and ligaments work harder, causes swelling Bones rub on eachother, change shape

Question 27

Osteoarthritis causes (factors)

Answer 27

Age Family history Gender (females)

Question 28

Osteoarthritis causes (biology)

Answer 28

Damage to cartilage Injuries Previous conditions eg gout Obesity

Question 29

Osteoarthritis symptoms

Answer 29

Pain Stiffness Joint tiredness Joints seem larger Grating/crackling in joint Limited range in movement Weakness in muscle

Question 30

Rheumatoid arthritis biological cause

Answer 30

An autoimmune condition where antibodies attack the lining of the joints. It causes bone and cartilage to break down

Question 31

Rheumatoid arthritis causes (factors)

Answer 31

NO KNOWN EXACT CAUSE Genes Hormones

Question 32

Rheumatoid arthritis causes (biology)

Answer 32

NO KNOWN EXACT CAUSE Smoking

Question 33

Rheumatoid arthritis symptoms

Answer 33

Pain Stiffness Swelling Warmth Redness

Question 34

Diagnosis and monitoring of both arthritis

Answer 34

X-rays MRI scans Assess physical ability

Question 35

Osteroarthritis treatment

Answer 35

NO CURE Physiotherapy Surgery Steroids and painkillers (NSAIDs, paracetamol)

Question 36

Rheumatoid arthritis treatment

Answer 36

NO CURE Physiotherapy Surgery Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

Question 37

Osteoarthritis lifestyle changes

Answer 37

Maintaining a healthy diet and weight Regulat exercsie

Question 38

Osteoporosis monitoring

Answer 38

Bone density scans (DEXA scan) Blood tests Fracture of an unusual bone eg wrist, shoulder, vertebrae

Question 39

Osteoporosis treatment

Answer 39

Taking calcium and vitamin D supplements Carrying out load-bearing exercises Taking HRT (hormone replacement therapy) Taking biophosphates Taking medication for strenghtening bones Having physiotherapy Using TENs

Question 40

Osteoporosis biological explanation

Answer 40

When osteroblasts and osteoclasts are imbalanced, making bones more fragile and decreasing bone density. Fewer trabeculae, thinning of cortical bone, widening of haversian canal, so a higher risk of fractures

Question 41

Osteoporosis causes (biology)

Answer 41

COPD (chronic destructive pulmonary disease) Rheumatoid arthritis (autoimmune attack on osteoblasts) Ovary removal High dosage of steroids for more than 3 months

Question 42

Osteoporosis causes (factors)

Answer 42

Aging faster Gender - more common in women Eating disorder Heavy drinking and smoking First few years post-menopause Early menopause (pre-45) Low BMI Lack of exercise

Question 43

Osteoporosis symptoms

Answer 43

Easy fractures - wrist, hip, ribs and vertabrae

Question 44

Rheumatoid arthritis lifestyle changes

Answer 44

Nutritional supplements Healthier diet Support from medical professionals Informal support from loved ones

Question 45

Osteoporosis treatment

Answer 45

Medication - biophosphates Calcium and vitamin D supplements HRT (hormone replacement therapy) Testosterone therapy

Question 46

Impacts of musculoskeletal malfunctions

Answer 46

Medication Regular check-ups and monitoring appointments Eating healthy, dietary changes Taking care to avoid fractures Loss of height Coping with pain May become immobile, housebound Walking aids House adaptations Recovery from surgery Help doing basic activities eg preparing meals