Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Erythrocyte function

Answer 1

Haemoglobin binds oxygen molecules from the lung and transport them around the body. They then pick up CO2 and take it to the lungs as waste.

Question 2

Erythrocyte structure

Answer 2

Biconcave shape, increase SA:Volume ratio. No nucleus, have millions of haemoglobin.

Question 3

Lymphocyte Structure

Answer 3

Made in thymus gland, produce toxic granules that contain powerful enzymes to kill infected cells.

Question 4

Lymphocyte function

Answer 4

Neutralise viruses and kills cancer cells

Question 5

Neutrophil structure

Answer 5

Made in bone marrow, lives for a few days, body must keep producing them.

Question 6

Neutrophil function

Answer 6

Engulf and digest bacteria, makes antibodies.

Question 7

Monocyte structure

Answer 7

Made in the bone marrow, irregular shape, larger than a red blood cell.

Question 8

Monocyte function

Answer 8

Fights off bacteria, viruses and fungi, remove dead cells from the body.

Question 9

Platelets structure

Answer 9

Made in bone marrow, fragments of blood cells

Question 10

Platelets function

Answer 10

Help clotting, when platelets encounter an injured blood vessel, they clump together to block the opening of the vessel.

Question 11

Plasma structure

Answer 11

Is 55% of the blood volume, consists mainly of water with different dissolved substances, like waste, glucose and antibodies, watery, so flows well, not sticky.

Question 12

Plasma function

Answer 12

Carry dissolved substances, eg nutrients, waste

Question 13

Coronary heart disease symptoms

Answer 13

Angina - chest pain that spreads to the arm, neck and jaw. Heart attack.

Question 14

Coronary heart disease biological explanation

Answer 14

Walls of arteries become blocked due to build-up of fatty deposits (athersclerosis). This means that a lack of blood to the heart can cause a heart attack.

Question 15

Biological cause of coronary heart disease

Answer 15

Build-up of fatty deposits due to lack of exercise etc

Question 16

Factors cause of coronary heart disease

Answer 16

Age, genes, gender

Question 17

Hypertension biological explanation

Answer 17

When the blood pressure is too high, the walls of the vessels strain under the pressure.

Question 18

Hypertension symptoms

Answer 18

Not really any symptoms

Question 19

Factors cause of hypertension

Answer 19

Age, family history, high salt levels, lack of exercise, being overweight, smoking or drinking regularly.

Question 20

Conditions cause of hypertension

Answer 20

Kidney disease, diabetes, hormone problems like an under-overactive thyroid.

Question 21

Monitoring of hypertension

Answer 21

Blood pressure must be checked regularly

Question 22

Impact of hypertension

Answer 22

Will require a change in diet, low fat and salt, regular exercise, reduce alcohol and smoking, get more sleep and less stress.

Question 23

What an ECG P wave shows

Answer 23

Shows the beginning of atrial systole

Question 24

What an ECG QRS wave shows

Answer 24

Shows ventricular systole

Question 25

What an ECG T wave shows

Answer 25

Shows ventricular diastole

Question 26

Why does blood pass through the heart twice?

Answer 26

To get to the lungs to pick up oxygen

To deliver oxygen to the rest of the body

Question 27

Blood flow

Answer 27

vena cava right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle semi lunar valve pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary vein left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle semi lunar valve aorta body

Question 28

Cardiac cycle order

Answer 28

Electrical impulses start at the SAN
Impulse passes over atria
Impulse reaches AVN and is transmitted down the bundle of His
Transmitted down the purkinje fibres
Ventricles contract
Chambers relax and blood enters the heart from the blood vessels

Question 29

Tissue fluid arteriole end

Answer 29

High hydrostatic pressure
Forces h2o out

Question 30

Tissue fluid venule end

Answer 30

Low hydrostatic pressure
H2o forced back in
Proteins like albumin are too big to leave blood stream

Question 31

Artery structure and function

Answer 31

Thick elastic walls
No valves
Oxygenated blood
Small round lumen

Question 32

Vein structure and function

Answer 32

Thinner elastic walls
Valves to prevent backflow
Deoxyenated blood
Large oval lumen